surpass one

albus, a, um, adj. [cf. Umbr. alfu and Sab. alpus = white; alphos = white rash; O. H. Germ. Elbiz = a swan; to this have been referred also Alba Longa, Albunea, Alpes from their snowy summits (Paul. ex Fest. p. 4 Müll.), Albion from its chalky cliffs, Alpheios, and Albis = Elbe], white (properly dead white, not shining; e. g. hair, complexion, garments, etc., opp. ater, black that is without lustre; while candidus denotes a glistening, dazzling white, opp. niger, shining black.—Hence, trop., albus and ater, a symbol of good or ill fortune; on the other hand, candidus and niger of moral worth or unworthiness; cf. Doed. Syn. III. 193 sq.—So Serv. ad Verg. G. 3, 82: aliud est candidum, i. e. quādam nitenti luce perfusum esse; aliud album, quod pallori constat esse vicinum; cf. Verg. E. 7, 38: Candidior cycnis, hederā formosior albā, with id. ib. 3, 39: diffusos hederā vestit pallente corymbos; but this distinction is freq. disregarded by the poets).

Lit.

In gen.:

barba,

Plaut. Bacch. 5, 1, 15:

corpus,

id. Capt. 3, 4, 115:

color albus praecipue decorus deo est, maxime in textili,

Cic. Leg. 2, 18, 45: albus calculus, the small white stone used in voting, as a sign of acceding to the opinion of any one, or of the acquittal of one who is under accusation (opp. ater calculus;

v. calculus).— Hence, trop.: alicui rei album calculum adicere,

to allow, approve of, authorize, Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 5.—In Enn. an epithet of the sun and moon: sol, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48, 107 (Ann. v. 92 Vahl.): jubar Hyperionis, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 658 P. (Ann. v. 547 ib.).—The following are examples of the opposition of albus and niger (instead of ater) as exceptions to the gen. rule; so always in Lucr. (who also uses albus and candidus or candens promiscuously), 2, 810; 822 sqq.; 731 sq.; 790; 767-771. Once in Cic.: quae alba sint, quae nigra dicere, Div. 2, 3; so Phaedr. 3, 15, 10; Ov. M. 2, 541; cf. with id. ib. 2, 534 and 535; also id. ib. 12, 403; 15, 46; id. H. 15, 37 al.:

albi et nigri velleris,

Vulg. Gen. 30, 35:

non potes unum capillum album facere aut nigrum,

ib. Matt. 5, 36.—

Esp.

Pale, from sickness, terror, care, and the like:

aquosus albo Corpore languor, of dropsical persons,

Hor. C. 2, 2, 15:

pallor,

id. Epod. 7, 15:

vivat et urbanis albus in officiis,

pale from the cares of his public office, Mart. 1, 56 fin. et saep. —

Of clothing, white: alba decent Cererem;

vestes Cerealibus albas Sumite,

Ov. F. 4, 619:

vidit duos Angelos in albis,

Vulg. Joan. 20, 12; ib. Apoc. 3, 4.—Hence, poet. transf. to the person, clothed in white, Hor. S. 1, 2, 36: pedibus qui venerat albis, who had come with white feet, i. e. marked with chalk, as for sale, Juv. 1, 111 (cf. gypsatus and also Plin. 35, 17, 58, §§ 199-201; Mayor ad 1. 1.).—

Prov. phrases.

Dentibus albis deridere, to deride one by laughing so as to show the teeth, for to deride much, Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 48 (cf. id. Capt. 3, 1, 26).—

Albus an ater sit, nescio or non curo, I know not, care not whether he is white or black, i. e. he is entirely indifferent to me:

vide, quam te amārit is, qui albus aterve fueris ignorans, fratris filium praeteriit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 16:

unde illa scivit, ater an albus nascerer,

Phaedr. 3, 15, 10; Cat. 93, 2; cf. Quint. 11, 1, 38.—

Albo rete aliquid oppugnare, to attack or seize upon something with a white net, i. e. in a delicate, skilful manner:

qui hic albo rete aliena oppugnant bona,

Plaut. Pers. 1, 2, 22 (so the passage seems to be more simply explained than acc. to the opinion of Gron.: qui albo (by the register of the prætor) tamquam rete, which omission of the tamquam is a Horatian, but not a Plautinian idiom). —

Albā lineā aliquid signare, to make a white line upon a white ground, i. e. to make no distinction: et amabat omnes, nam ut discrimen non facit... signat linea alba, Lucil. ap. Non. 282, 28 (where the common editions have neque before signare, which gives the expression a directly opposite sense): albā, ut dicitur, lineā sine curā discriminis convertebant, Gell. praef. 11.—

Alba avis, a white sparrow, for something rare, uncommon, strange:

quasi avem albam videntur bene sentientem civem videre,

Cic. Fam. 7, 28 (quasi novum quiddam; proverbium ex eo natum, quia rarae aves albae, Manut. ad h. 1.).—

Filius albae gallinae, fortune's favorite child, Juv. 13, 141, prob. an allusion to the miracle that happened to Livia in regard to a white hen, v. Plin. 15, 30, 40; Suet. Galb. 1 (Ruperti ad h. 1, refers this expression to the unfruitfulness of a white hen, and conpares Col. R. R. 8, 2, 7).—

Equis albis praecurrere aliquem, to excel, surpass one, Hor. S. 1, 7, 8 (the figure being drawn from the white horses attached to a triumphal chariot; cf. Suet. Ner. 25; id. Dom. 2).—

Trop.

Favorable, fortunate, propitious:

simul alba nautis Stella refulsit,

i. e. the twin-star Castor, favorable to sailors, Hor. C. 1, 12, 27:

dies,

Sil. 15, 53:

sint omnia protinus alba,

Pers. 1, 110.—

Poet. and act., of the wind, making clear or bright, dispersing the clouds; hence, dry:

Notus,

Hor. C. 1, 7, 15 (as a transl. of the Gr. leukonotos):

iapyx,

id. ib. 3, 27, 19 (cf.:

clarus aquilo,

Verg. G. 1, 460).—Whence,

album, i, n., whiteness.

White color, white:

maculis insignis et albo,

Verg. G. 3, 56;

sparsis pellibus albo,

id. E. 2, 41:

columnas polire albo,

to make white, whiten, Liv. 40, 51.—Hence,

Esp.,

The white of the eye:

oculorum,

Cels. 2, 6; so id. 7, 7, n. 6 and 12.—

The white of an egg:

ovi,

Cels. 6, 6, n. 7.—

In Col. 6, 17, 7, a white spot on the eye, i. e. a disease of it, = albugo.—

In the lang. of polit. life, a white tablet, on which any thing is inscribed (like leukôma in Gr.).

The tablets on which the Pontifex Maximus registered the principal events of the year, the Annales maximi (v. annales): in album referre, to enter or record in, Cic. de Or. 2, 12, 52; Liv. 1, 32, 2.—

The tablets of the prœtor, on which his edicts were written, and which were posted up in some public place, Paul. Sent. l. 1, t. 14.—Hence, sedere ad album, to be employed with the edicts of the prœtor, Sen. Ep. 48:

se ad album transferre,

Quint. 12, 3, 11 Spald.—

Esp., a list of names, a register, e. g. Album senatorium, the tablet on which the names of the senators were enrolled, the roll, register, which, by the order of Augustus, was to be posted up annually in the senate-house, Diom. 55, 3, and Fragm. 137:

aliquem albo senatorio eradere,

Tac. A. 4, 42 fin. —Also, the list of the judges chosen by the quœstors:

aliquem albo judicum eradere,

Suet. Claud. 16; so id. Dom. 8.—And transf. to other catalogues of names:

citharoedorum,

Suet. Ner. 21.

praestō (old collat. form praestū, acc. to Curtius Valerianus in Cassiod. p. 2289 P.: qui praestu sunt, Inscr. Carina Via Appia, 1, p. 217. In later time as adj.: prae-stus, a, um:

bonorum officio praestus fui,

Inscr. Grut. 669, 4), adv. [dat. from praestus, a sup. form from prae, so that praesto esse alicui = to be or stand in the foremost place for or as respects one], at hand, ready, present, here; usually with esse (very freq. and class.).

Lit.:

ni tua propitia pax foret praesto,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 18: sed ubi est frater? Chaer. Praesto adest, Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 20; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 120; so Att. Tr. 498:

quod adest praesto in primis placet,

Lucr. 5, 1412; Lact. 3, 7, 10:

sacrificiis omnibus praesto adesse,

id. 2, 16, 10;

more freq., praesto esse: ibi mihi praesto fuit L. Lucilius,

Cic. Fam. 3, 5, 1:

togulae lictoribus ad portam praesto fuerunt,

id. Pis. 23, 55:

tibi nulla fuit clementia praesto?

hadst thou no compassion? Cat. 64, 137: praesto esse, to arrive, appear:

hirundines aestivo tempore praesto sunt,

Auct. Her. 4, 48, 61.—Without esse ( poet.):

era, eccum praesto militem,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 1:

ipsum adeo praesto video,

Ter. And. 2, 5, 4; Stat. Th. 6, 643.—

In partic: praesto esse or adire

To be at hand, to attend or wait upon, to serve, aid:

ero meo ut omnibus locis sine praesto,

Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 26:

jus civile didicit, praesto multis fuit,

Cic. Mur. 9, 19:

praesto esse clientem tuum?

id. Att. 10, 8, 3:

saluti tuae praesto esse, praesto esse virtutes ut ancillulas,

id. Fin. 2, 21, 69; id. Fam. 4, 14, 4:

ut ad omnia, quae tui velint, ita assim praesto, ut, etc.,

id. ib. 4, 8, 1; id. Att. 4, 12, 1 fin.;

also with videor,

id. ib. 4, 12, 1 fin. —With adire:

pauper erit praesto semper tibi, pauper adibit primus,

will be at hand, at your service, Tib. 1, 5, 61.—

With esse, to present one's self in a hostile manner, to resist, oppose:

si quis mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus,

Cic. Caecin. 30, 87:

quaestores cum fascibus mihi praesto fuerunt,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 11.

prae-sto, ĭti (post-class. also praestāvi), ātum or ĭtum, 1, v. n. and a.

Neutr., to stand before or in front.

Lit.:

dum primae praestant acies,

Luc. 4, 30.—

Trop., to stand out, be superior, to distinguish one's self, to be excellent, distinguished, admirable; constr. alicui aliquā re, alicui rei, in aliquā re, or absol. (class.):

cum virtute omnibus praestarent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 3:

quantum praestiterint nostri majores prudentiā ceteris gentibus,

Cic. de Or. 1, 44, 192:

quā re homines bestiis praestent,

id. Inv. 1, 4, 5:

hoc praestat amicitia propinquitati, quod, etc.,

id. Lael. 5, 19:

Zeuxin muliebri in corpore pingendo plurimum aliis praestare,

id. Inv. 2, 1, 1:

ceteris,

id. Ac. 1, 4, 16:

suos inter aequales longe praestitit,

id. Brut. 64, 230:

omnes homines, qui sese student praestare ceteris animalibus,

Sall. C. 1, 1:

praestare honestam mortem existimans turpi vitae,

Nep. Chabr. 4, 3:

quantum ceteris praestet Lucretia,

Liv. 1, 57, 7:

cernere, quantum eques Latinus Romano praestet,

id. 8, 7, 7:

quantum vel vir viro vel gens genti praestat!

id. 31, 7, 8:

genere militum praestare tironibus,

id. 42, 52, 10:

tantum Romana in bellis gloria ceteris praestat,

Quint. 1, 10, 14:

qui eloquentiā ceteris praestet,

id. 2, 3, 5; 2, 16, 17; Curt. 8, 14, 13; Just. 18, 3, 14; 28, 2, 11; 44, 3, 9:

sacro, quod praestat, peracto,

Juv. 12, 86:

probro atque petulantiā maxume praestabant,

were pre-eminent, distinguished themselves, Sall. C. 37, 5:

truculentiā caeli praestat Germania,

Tac. A. 2, 24:

cur alias aliis praestare videmus Pondere res rebus?

Lucr. 1, 358.—

Praestat, with a subjectclause, it is preferable or better:

nimio impendiosum praestat te, quam ingratum dicier,

it is much better, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 2, 12:

mori milies praestitit, quam haec pati,

it was better, Cic. Att. 14, 9, 2:

praestare dicunt, Gallorum quam Romanorum imperia perferre,

it is better, Caes. B. G. 1, 17:

motos praestat componere fluctus,

Verg. A. 1, 135; 3, 429; 6, 39.

To surpass, outstrip, exceed, [p. 1431] excel (not in Cic. or Cæs.; constr. usually aliquem aliquā re): qui primus in alterutrā re praestet alios, Varr. ap. Non. 502, 23; Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 10; 3, 1, 3:

quantum Galli virtute ceteros mortales praestarent,

Liv. 5, 36, 4:

qui belli gloriā Gallos omnes Belgasque praestabant,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 6:

praestate virtute peditem, ut honore atque ordine praestatis,

Liv. 3, 61, 7:

ut vetustate et gradu honoris nos praestent,

id. 7, 30, 4; 34, 34, 14; 37, 30, 2:

praestat ingenio alius alium,

Quint. 1, 1, 3; Val. Max. 3, 2, 21; 3, 2, ext. 7;

7, 2, 17: honore ceteros,

Nep. Att. 18, 5; 3, 3; id. Reg. 3, 5:

imperatores prudentiā,

id. Hann. 1, 1:

eloquentiā omnes eo tempore,

id. Epam. 6, 1.—Only aliquem, Stat. Th. 4, 838.—

To become surety for, to answer or vouch for, to warrant, be responsible for, to take upon one's self, etc. (class.):

ut omnes ministros imperii tui rei publicae praestare videare,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 3:

quem tamen ego praestare non poteram,

id. Att. 6, 3, 5:

quanto magis arduum est alios praestare quam se, tanto laudabilius,

Plin. Pan. 83:

communem incertumque casum neque vitare quisquam nostrum, nec praestare ullo pacto potest,

Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 3: simus eā mente ut nihil in vitā nobis praestandum praeter culpam putemus, that we need only answer for guilt, i. e. keep ourselves clear of guilt, id. ib. 6, 1, 4:

impetus populi praestare nemo potest,

no one can be held to answer for the outbreaks of the people, id. de Or. 2, 28, 124:

periculum judicii,

id. Mur. 2, 3:

damnum alicui,

id. Off. 3, 16:

invidiam,

id. Sest. 28, 61:

nihil,

to be responsible for nothing, id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3; cf. in pass.:

cum id, quod ab homine non potuerit praestari, evenerit,

what none could vouch for that it would not happen, id. Tusc. 3, 16, 34. —With ab aliquā re:

ego tibi a vi praestare nihil possum,

Cic. Fam. 1, 4, 3.—With de:

quod de te sperare, de me praestare possum,

Cic. Fam. 4, 15, 2.—With an objectclause:

quis potest praestare, semper sapientem beatum fore, cum, etc.?

Cic. Tusc. 5, 10, 29; cf.:

(praedones) nullos fore, quis praestare poterat?

id. Fl. 12, 28:

meliorem praesto magistro Discipulum,

Juv. 14, 212.—With ut:

illius lacrimae praestant ut veniam culpae non abnuat Osiris,

Juv. 6, 539.—

In gen., to fulfil, discharge, maintain, perform, execute:

arbitramur nos ea praestitisse, quae ratio et doctrina praescripserit,

Cic. N. D. 1, 3, 7:

ultima exspectato, quae ego tibi et jucunda et honesta praestabo,

id. Fam. 7, 17, 2:

suum munus,

id. de Or. 2, 9, 38:

hospitii et amicitiae jus officiumque,

id. Fam. 14, 4, 2:

ne quem ejus paeniteret, praestiti,

I took care, exerted myself, Liv. 30, 30; Ov. Tr. 5, 14, 19:

quamcumque ei fidem dederis, ego praestabo,

I will fulfil, keep the promise, Cic. Fam. 5, 11, 2:

fidem alicui,

Liv. 30, 15:

pacem cum iis populus Romanus non ab se tantum, sed ab rege etiam Masinissa praestitit,

maintained, id. 40, 34:

tributa,

to pay, Juv. 3, 188:

annua,

id. 6, 480:

triplicem usuram,

id. 9, 7.— Pass.:

promissum id benignius est ab rege quam praestitum,

Liv. 43, 18, 11:

mea tibi tamen benevolentia fidesque praestabitur,

Cic. Fam. 12, 2, 3; so,

quibus (victoribus) senatūs fides praestabitur,

id. Phil. 14, 11, 30:

virtus vetat spectare fortunam dum praestetur fides,

id. Div. 2, 37, 79:

ni praestaretur fides publica,

Liv. 2, 28, 7.—

In partic.

To keep, preserve, maintain, retain:

pueri, quibus videmur praestare rem publicam debuisse,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 5; Ov. M. 11, 748:

omnes socios salvos praestare poteramus,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55:

mors omnia praestat Vitalem praeter sensum calidumque vaporem,

Lucr. 3, 214. —

To show, exhibit, to prove, evince, manifest:

Pomptinius praestat tibi memoriam benevolentiamque, quam debet,

Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 3:

neque hercule in iis ipsis rebus eam voluntatem, quam exspectaram, praestiterunt,

id. ib. 1, 9, 5:

virtutem,

Caes. B. G. 2, 27:

benevolentiam,

Cic. Att. 11, 1, 1:

consilium suum fidemque,

id. de Or. 3, 33, 134. —With se, to show, prove, or behave one's self as: praesta te eum, qui, etc., show thyself such, as, etc., Cic. Fam. 1, 6, 2:

se incolumem,

Lucr. 3, 220:

se invictum,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 104:

teque praesta constanter ad omne Indeclinatae munus amicitiae,

show thyself constant, id. ib. 4, 5, 23:

Victoria nunc quoque se praestet,

show itself, id. ib. 2, 169: sed ne ad illam quidem artissimam innocentiae formulam praestare nos possumus, prove ourselves innocent even according to that rule, Sen. Ira, 2, 28, 1:

juris periti consultatoribus se praestabant,

showed themselves accessible, Dig. 1, 2, 2.— Poet.:

vel magnum praestet Achillem,

should show, prove, approve himself a great Achilles, Verg. A. 11, 438.—

To show, exhibit, manifest:

honorem debitum patri,

Cic. Phil. 9, 5, 12:

fratri pietatem,

id. Brut. 33, 126:

virtutem et diligentiam alicui,

id. Fam. 14, 3, 2:

frequentiam et officium alicui honores petenti,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 50:

obsequium,

Sen. Q. N. 2, 59, 8:

sedulitatem alicui rei,

to apply, Plin. Ep. 3, 18, 6.—

To give, offer, furnish, present, expose:

alicui certam summam pecuniae,

Suet. Dom. 9: cervicem, Sen. ap. Diom. p. 362 P.:

caput fulminibus,

to expose, Luc. 5, 770:

Hiberus praestat nomen terris,

id. 4, 23:

anser praestat ex se pullos atque plumam,

Col. 8, 13:

cum senatui sententiam praestaret,

gave his vote, Cic. Pis. 32, 80:

terga hosti,

to turn one's back to the enemy, to flee, Tac. Agr. 37:

voluptatem perpetuam sapienti,

to assume, Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 89.— Pass.:

pueri, quibus id (biduum) praestabatur,

was devoted, Quint. 1, prooem. § 7; cf.:

corpus, cui omnia olim tamquam servo praestabantur, nunc tamquam domino parantur,

Sen. Ep. 90, 19.—Hence, praestans, antis, P. a., pre-eminent, superior, excellent, distinguished, extraordinary.

In gen. (class.).

Of persons:

omnibus praestans et ingenio et diligentiā,

far surpassing all, Cic. Tusc. 1, 10, 22:

usu et sapientiā praestantes,

noted for their experience and wisdom, Nep. Timoth. 3, 2.— Comp.:

virginibus praestantior omnibus Herse,

superior to all, Ov. M. 2, 724.— Sup.:

in illis artibus praestantissimus,

Cic. de Or. 1, 50, 217:

praestantissimi studio atque doctrinā,

id. Ac. 1, 4, 17.—With gen.:

o praestans animi juvenis,

distinguished for courage, Verg. A. 12, 19:

belli,

Sil. 5, 92:

armorum,

Stat. Th. 1, 605:

praestantissimus sapientiae,

Tac. A. 6, 6.— Poet., with objectclause:

quo non praestantior alter Aere ciere viros,

whom no other excelled in rousing the men, Verg. A. 6, 164.—

Of things, pre-eminent, excellent, remarkable, extraordinary, distinguished:

praestanti corpore Nymphae,

Verg. A. 1, 71:

praestanti corpore tauri,

id. G. 4, 550:

formā,

id. A. 7, 483:

naturā excellens atque praestans,

Cic. N. D. 1, 20, 56:

qui a te tractatus est praestanti et singulari fide,

id. Fam. 3, 10, 3:

praestans prudentiā in omnibus,

Nep. Alc. 5, 1; Cic. Tusc. 5, 13, 38:

quid praestantius mihi potuit accidere?

id. Vatin. 3, 8.—

In partic.

Efficacious:

medicina,

Plin. 13, 24, 47, § 130:

usus praestantior,

id. 18, 13, 34, § 126:

calamus praestantior odore,

id. 12, 22, 48, § 105:

sucus sapore praestantissimus,

id. 15, 1, 2, § 5:

praestantissima auxilia,

id. 27, 13, 120, § 146.—

Sup.:

Praestantissimus,

a title of the later emperors, Nazar. 26; Tert. Cor. Mil. 1.— Hence, adv.: praestanter, excellently, admirably (post-Aug.); sup.:

praestantissime,

Plin. 28, 12, 50, § 186.

praestō (old collat. form praestū, acc. to Curtius Valerianus in Cassiod. p. 2289 P.: qui praestu sunt, Inscr. Carina Via Appia, 1, p. 217. In later time as adj.: prae-stus, a, um:

bonorum officio praestus fui,

Inscr. Grut. 669, 4), adv. [dat. from praestus, a sup. form from prae, so that praesto esse alicui = to be or stand in the foremost place for or as respects one], at hand, ready, present, here; usually with esse (very freq. and class.).

Lit.:

ni tua propitia pax foret praesto,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 18: sed ubi est frater? Chaer. Praesto adest, Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 20; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 120; so Att. Tr. 498:

quod adest praesto in primis placet,

Lucr. 5, 1412; Lact. 3, 7, 10:

sacrificiis omnibus praesto adesse,

id. 2, 16, 10;

more freq., praesto esse: ibi mihi praesto fuit L. Lucilius,

Cic. Fam. 3, 5, 1:

togulae lictoribus ad portam praesto fuerunt,

id. Pis. 23, 55:

tibi nulla fuit clementia praesto?

hadst thou no compassion? Cat. 64, 137: praesto esse, to arrive, appear:

hirundines aestivo tempore praesto sunt,

Auct. Her. 4, 48, 61.—Without esse ( poet.):

era, eccum praesto militem,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 1:

ipsum adeo praesto video,

Ter. And. 2, 5, 4; Stat. Th. 6, 643.—

In partic: praesto esse or adire

To be at hand, to attend or wait upon, to serve, aid:

ero meo ut omnibus locis sine praesto,

Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 26:

jus civile didicit, praesto multis fuit,

Cic. Mur. 9, 19:

praesto esse clientem tuum?

id. Att. 10, 8, 3:

saluti tuae praesto esse, praesto esse virtutes ut ancillulas,

id. Fin. 2, 21, 69; id. Fam. 4, 14, 4:

ut ad omnia, quae tui velint, ita assim praesto, ut, etc.,

id. ib. 4, 8, 1; id. Att. 4, 12, 1 fin.;

also with videor,

id. ib. 4, 12, 1 fin. —With adire:

pauper erit praesto semper tibi, pauper adibit primus,

will be at hand, at your service, Tib. 1, 5, 61.—

With esse, to present one's self in a hostile manner, to resist, oppose:

si quis mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus,

Cic. Caecin. 30, 87:

quaestores cum fascibus mihi praesto fuerunt,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 11.

prae-sto, ĭti (post-class. also praestāvi), ātum or ĭtum, 1, v. n. and a.

Neutr., to stand before or in front.

Lit.:

dum primae praestant acies,

Luc. 4, 30.—

Trop., to stand out, be superior, to distinguish one's self, to be excellent, distinguished, admirable; constr. alicui aliquā re, alicui rei, in aliquā re, or absol. (class.):

cum virtute omnibus praestarent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 3:

quantum praestiterint nostri majores prudentiā ceteris gentibus,

Cic. de Or. 1, 44, 192:

quā re homines bestiis praestent,

id. Inv. 1, 4, 5:

hoc praestat amicitia propinquitati, quod, etc.,

id. Lael. 5, 19:

Zeuxin muliebri in corpore pingendo plurimum aliis praestare,

id. Inv. 2, 1, 1:

ceteris,

id. Ac. 1, 4, 16:

suos inter aequales longe praestitit,

id. Brut. 64, 230:

omnes homines, qui sese student praestare ceteris animalibus,

Sall. C. 1, 1:

praestare honestam mortem existimans turpi vitae,

Nep. Chabr. 4, 3:

quantum ceteris praestet Lucretia,

Liv. 1, 57, 7:

cernere, quantum eques Latinus Romano praestet,

id. 8, 7, 7:

quantum vel vir viro vel gens genti praestat!

id. 31, 7, 8:

genere militum praestare tironibus,

id. 42, 52, 10:

tantum Romana in bellis gloria ceteris praestat,

Quint. 1, 10, 14:

qui eloquentiā ceteris praestet,

id. 2, 3, 5; 2, 16, 17; Curt. 8, 14, 13; Just. 18, 3, 14; 28, 2, 11; 44, 3, 9:

sacro, quod praestat, peracto,

Juv. 12, 86:

probro atque petulantiā maxume praestabant,

were pre-eminent, distinguished themselves, Sall. C. 37, 5:

truculentiā caeli praestat Germania,

Tac. A. 2, 24:

cur alias aliis praestare videmus Pondere res rebus?

Lucr. 1, 358.—

Praestat, with a subjectclause, it is preferable or better:

nimio impendiosum praestat te, quam ingratum dicier,

it is much better, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 2, 12:

mori milies praestitit, quam haec pati,

it was better, Cic. Att. 14, 9, 2:

praestare dicunt, Gallorum quam Romanorum imperia perferre,

it is better, Caes. B. G. 1, 17:

motos praestat componere fluctus,

Verg. A. 1, 135; 3, 429; 6, 39.

To surpass, outstrip, exceed, [p. 1431] excel (not in Cic. or Cæs.; constr. usually aliquem aliquā re): qui primus in alterutrā re praestet alios, Varr. ap. Non. 502, 23; Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 10; 3, 1, 3:

quantum Galli virtute ceteros mortales praestarent,

Liv. 5, 36, 4:

qui belli gloriā Gallos omnes Belgasque praestabant,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 6:

praestate virtute peditem, ut honore atque ordine praestatis,

Liv. 3, 61, 7:

ut vetustate et gradu honoris nos praestent,

id. 7, 30, 4; 34, 34, 14; 37, 30, 2:

praestat ingenio alius alium,

Quint. 1, 1, 3; Val. Max. 3, 2, 21; 3, 2, ext. 7;

7, 2, 17: honore ceteros,

Nep. Att. 18, 5; 3, 3; id. Reg. 3, 5:

imperatores prudentiā,

id. Hann. 1, 1:

eloquentiā omnes eo tempore,

id. Epam. 6, 1.—Only aliquem, Stat. Th. 4, 838.—

To become surety for, to answer or vouch for, to warrant, be responsible for, to take upon one's self, etc. (class.):

ut omnes ministros imperii tui rei publicae praestare videare,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 3:

quem tamen ego praestare non poteram,

id. Att. 6, 3, 5:

quanto magis arduum est alios praestare quam se, tanto laudabilius,

Plin. Pan. 83:

communem incertumque casum neque vitare quisquam nostrum, nec praestare ullo pacto potest,

Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 3: simus eā mente ut nihil in vitā nobis praestandum praeter culpam putemus, that we need only answer for guilt, i. e. keep ourselves clear of guilt, id. ib. 6, 1, 4:

impetus populi praestare nemo potest,

no one can be held to answer for the outbreaks of the people, id. de Or. 2, 28, 124:

periculum judicii,

id. Mur. 2, 3:

damnum alicui,

id. Off. 3, 16:

invidiam,

id. Sest. 28, 61:

nihil,

to be responsible for nothing, id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3; cf. in pass.:

cum id, quod ab homine non potuerit praestari, evenerit,

what none could vouch for that it would not happen, id. Tusc. 3, 16, 34. —With ab aliquā re:

ego tibi a vi praestare nihil possum,

Cic. Fam. 1, 4, 3.—With de:

quod de te sperare, de me praestare possum,

Cic. Fam. 4, 15, 2.—With an objectclause:

quis potest praestare, semper sapientem beatum fore, cum, etc.?

Cic. Tusc. 5, 10, 29; cf.:

(praedones) nullos fore, quis praestare poterat?

id. Fl. 12, 28:

meliorem praesto magistro Discipulum,

Juv. 14, 212.—With ut:

illius lacrimae praestant ut veniam culpae non abnuat Osiris,

Juv. 6, 539.—

In gen., to fulfil, discharge, maintain, perform, execute:

arbitramur nos ea praestitisse, quae ratio et doctrina praescripserit,

Cic. N. D. 1, 3, 7:

ultima exspectato, quae ego tibi et jucunda et honesta praestabo,

id. Fam. 7, 17, 2:

suum munus,

id. de Or. 2, 9, 38:

hospitii et amicitiae jus officiumque,

id. Fam. 14, 4, 2:

ne quem ejus paeniteret, praestiti,

I took care, exerted myself, Liv. 30, 30; Ov. Tr. 5, 14, 19:

quamcumque ei fidem dederis, ego praestabo,

I will fulfil, keep the promise, Cic. Fam. 5, 11, 2:

fidem alicui,

Liv. 30, 15:

pacem cum iis populus Romanus non ab se tantum, sed ab rege etiam Masinissa praestitit,

maintained, id. 40, 34:

tributa,

to pay, Juv. 3, 188:

annua,

id. 6, 480:

triplicem usuram,

id. 9, 7.— Pass.:

promissum id benignius est ab rege quam praestitum,

Liv. 43, 18, 11:

mea tibi tamen benevolentia fidesque praestabitur,

Cic. Fam. 12, 2, 3; so,

quibus (victoribus) senatūs fides praestabitur,

id. Phil. 14, 11, 30:

virtus vetat spectare fortunam dum praestetur fides,

id. Div. 2, 37, 79:

ni praestaretur fides publica,

Liv. 2, 28, 7.—

In partic.

To keep, preserve, maintain, retain:

pueri, quibus videmur praestare rem publicam debuisse,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 5; Ov. M. 11, 748:

omnes socios salvos praestare poteramus,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55:

mors omnia praestat Vitalem praeter sensum calidumque vaporem,

Lucr. 3, 214. —

To show, exhibit, to prove, evince, manifest:

Pomptinius praestat tibi memoriam benevolentiamque, quam debet,

Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 3:

neque hercule in iis ipsis rebus eam voluntatem, quam exspectaram, praestiterunt,

id. ib. 1, 9, 5:

virtutem,

Caes. B. G. 2, 27:

benevolentiam,

Cic. Att. 11, 1, 1:

consilium suum fidemque,

id. de Or. 3, 33, 134. —With se, to show, prove, or behave one's self as: praesta te eum, qui, etc., show thyself such, as, etc., Cic. Fam. 1, 6, 2:

se incolumem,

Lucr. 3, 220:

se invictum,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 104:

teque praesta constanter ad omne Indeclinatae munus amicitiae,

show thyself constant, id. ib. 4, 5, 23:

Victoria nunc quoque se praestet,

show itself, id. ib. 2, 169: sed ne ad illam quidem artissimam innocentiae formulam praestare nos possumus, prove ourselves innocent even according to that rule, Sen. Ira, 2, 28, 1:

juris periti consultatoribus se praestabant,

showed themselves accessible, Dig. 1, 2, 2.— Poet.:

vel magnum praestet Achillem,

should show, prove, approve himself a great Achilles, Verg. A. 11, 438.—

To show, exhibit, manifest:

honorem debitum patri,

Cic. Phil. 9, 5, 12:

fratri pietatem,

id. Brut. 33, 126:

virtutem et diligentiam alicui,

id. Fam. 14, 3, 2:

frequentiam et officium alicui honores petenti,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 50:

obsequium,

Sen. Q. N. 2, 59, 8:

sedulitatem alicui rei,

to apply, Plin. Ep. 3, 18, 6.—

To give, offer, furnish, present, expose:

alicui certam summam pecuniae,

Suet. Dom. 9: cervicem, Sen. ap. Diom. p. 362 P.:

caput fulminibus,

to expose, Luc. 5, 770:

Hiberus praestat nomen terris,

id. 4, 23:

anser praestat ex se pullos atque plumam,

Col. 8, 13:

cum senatui sententiam praestaret,

gave his vote, Cic. Pis. 32, 80:

terga hosti,

to turn one's back to the enemy, to flee, Tac. Agr. 37:

voluptatem perpetuam sapienti,

to assume, Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 89.— Pass.:

pueri, quibus id (biduum) praestabatur,

was devoted, Quint. 1, prooem. § 7; cf.:

corpus, cui omnia olim tamquam servo praestabantur, nunc tamquam domino parantur,

Sen. Ep. 90, 19.—Hence, praestans, antis, P. a., pre-eminent, superior, excellent, distinguished, extraordinary.

In gen. (class.).

Of persons:

omnibus praestans et ingenio et diligentiā,

far surpassing all, Cic. Tusc. 1, 10, 22:

usu et sapientiā praestantes,

noted for their experience and wisdom, Nep. Timoth. 3, 2.— Comp.:

virginibus praestantior omnibus Herse,

superior to all, Ov. M. 2, 724.— Sup.:

in illis artibus praestantissimus,

Cic. de Or. 1, 50, 217:

praestantissimi studio atque doctrinā,

id. Ac. 1, 4, 17.—With gen.:

o praestans animi juvenis,

distinguished for courage, Verg. A. 12, 19:

belli,

Sil. 5, 92:

armorum,

Stat. Th. 1, 605:

praestantissimus sapientiae,

Tac. A. 6, 6.— Poet., with objectclause:

quo non praestantior alter Aere ciere viros,

whom no other excelled in rousing the men, Verg. A. 6, 164.—

Of things, pre-eminent, excellent, remarkable, extraordinary, distinguished:

praestanti corpore Nymphae,

Verg. A. 1, 71:

praestanti corpore tauri,

id. G. 4, 550:

formā,

id. A. 7, 483:

naturā excellens atque praestans,

Cic. N. D. 1, 20, 56:

qui a te tractatus est praestanti et singulari fide,

id. Fam. 3, 10, 3:

praestans prudentiā in omnibus,

Nep. Alc. 5, 1; Cic. Tusc. 5, 13, 38:

quid praestantius mihi potuit accidere?

id. Vatin. 3, 8.—

In partic.

Efficacious:

medicina,

Plin. 13, 24, 47, § 130:

usus praestantior,

id. 18, 13, 34, § 126:

calamus praestantior odore,

id. 12, 22, 48, § 105:

sucus sapore praestantissimus,

id. 15, 1, 2, § 5:

praestantissima auxilia,

id. 27, 13, 120, § 146.—

Sup.:

Praestantissimus,

a title of the later emperors, Nazar. 26; Tert. Cor. Mil. 1.— Hence, adv.: praestanter, excellently, admirably (post-Aug.); sup.:

praestantissime,

Plin. 28, 12, 50, § 186.

antĕ (old form anti, whence antidea, antideo, antidhac; v. antea, anteeo, and antehac) [Gr. anti, over against, facing, anta, antên; Sanscr. anti = over against; Germ. ant- in Ant-wort = Goth. anda-vaurdi, an answer, anda-nahti, the night before], prep. and adv. (acc. to Max. Victor. p. 1953, as prep. with the grave accent; as adv. with the acute on the last syl.).

Prep. with acc., before (syn.: prae, pro).

In space, or trop. in regard to estimation, judgment, or rank (usu. only of objects at rest. while prae is used of those in motion; cf. Herz. ad Caes. B. G. 1, 21; v. exceptions infra).

In space:

quem ante aedīs video,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 136:

ante ostium Me audivit stare,

Ter. And. 3, 1, 16; so Vulg. Lev. 1, 5:

Ornatas paulo ante fores,

Juv. 6, 227; so Vulg. Num. 3, 26:

ante meum limen,

Juv. 11, 190:

ante suum fundum,

Cic. Mil. 10:

ut ante suos hortulos postridie piscarentur,

id. Off. 3, 14, 58:

ante sepulcrales infelix adstitit aras,

Ov. M. 8, 480; so Verg. A. 1, 344; 3, 545; Juv. 10, 268:

ante altaria,

id. 8, 155; so Vulg. Deut. 26, 4; ib. Matt. 5, 24. —Of persons:

ante hosce deos erant arulae,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 3:

quīs ante ora patrum contigit oppetere,

Verg. A. 1, 95; id. G. 4, 477:

ipsius unam (navem) ante oculos pontus in puppim ferit,

id. A. 1, 114; 2, 531; 2, 773:

ante se statuit funditores,

Liv. 42, 58:

Flos Asiae ante ipsum,

Juv. 5, 56; Vulg. Matt. 17, 2:

si luditur alea pernox Ante Numantinos,

Juv. 8, 11.— Trop.:

ante oculos collocata,

Cic. de Or. 1, 43, 192:

ante oculos errat domus,

Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 57: [p. 128] causam ante eum diceret, before him as judge, Cic. Verr. 1, 3, 9:

donec stet ante judicium,

Vulg. Josh. 20, 6; ib. Marc. 13, 9.—And in eccl. Lat., after the Heb. and Hel. Gr., before, in the sight of, in the judgment of:

ante Dominum vilior fiam,

Vulg. 2 Reg. 6, 21 sq.:

non te justifices ante Deum,

ib. Eccli. 7, 5:

justi ambo ante Deum,

ib. Luc. 1, 6;

and fully: fecit Asa rectum ante conspectum Domini,

ib. 3 Reg. 15, 11; ib. Apoc. 12, 10.—Hence, homines ante pedes (in later Lat.), servants; cf. the annotators upon Juv. 7, 143.—With verbs of motion:

ante me ito,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 70:

equitatum omnem ante se mittit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

ante ceteras cohortes extra aciem procurrere,

id. B. C. 1, 55:

praecurrit ante omnes,

id. ib. 2, 34; so Nep. Dat. 3, 2; Liv. 7, 41; 45, 40 al.; Vulg. Lev. 27, 11; ib. 1 Reg. 12, 2.—

Trop. of preference in judgment, or regulations in respect to rank, before (this is properly the signification of prae, q. v.; hence more rare than that, and never used by Cic.): quem ante me diligo, before myself, more than myself, Balbus ap. Cic. Att. 8, 15.—So ante aliquem esse, to surpass, excel any one:

facundiā Graecos, gloriā belli Gallos ante Romanos fuisse,

Sall. C. 53, 3, ubi v. Corte and Kritz:

tum me vero et ante Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omnes alios imperatores esse,

superior to, Liv. 35, 14:

necessitas ante rationem est,

necessity knows no law, Curt. 7, 7, 10.—Hence very freq. (but mostly poet. and post-class.),

Ante alios, ante omnes, ante ceteros, etc., before others, before all, etc., to designate a comparative relation;

also sometimes, for the sake of emphasis, with comparatives and superlatives: tibi, Neptune, ante alios deos gratias ago,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 5; so Ov. M. 10, 120:

scito illum ante omnīs minumi mortalem preti,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 8:

tua ante omnes experientia,

Tac. A. 2, 76; 1, 27; Liv. 1, 9:

Junoni ante omnīs candentis vaccae media inter cornua (pateram) fundit,

Verg. A. 4, 59:

Ipse est ante omnes,

Vulg. Col. 1, 17:

O felix una ante alias Priameïa virgo,

Verg. A. 3, 321:

ante omnes furor est insignis equarum,

id. G. 3, 266:

scelere ante alios immanior omnīs,

id. A. 1, 347; Liv. 5, 42:

ante alios pulcherrimus omnīs Turnus,

Verg. A. 7, 55; so Nep. Att. 3, 3; Liv. 1, 15; cf. Rudd. II. p. 82; II. p. 101; II. p. 305.—

Ante omnia.

Before all things, first of all:

alvus ante omnia ducitur,

Cels. 7, 30:

oportet autem ante omnia os nudare,

id. 8, 2:

Ante omnia instituit, ut etc.,

Suet. Ner. 32; id. Calig. 21:

Ante omnia autem, fratres, etc.,

Vulg. Jac. 5, 12; ib. 1 Petr. 4, 8.—

Comparatively, above all, especially, chiefty:

publica maestitia eo ante omnia insignis, quia matronae annum, ut parentem, eum luxerunt,

Liv. 2, 7; 7, 4:

quae natura multis et ante omnia ursis,

Plin. 8, 35, 53, § 125:

dulces ante omnia Musae,

the Muses pleasing above all things, Verg. G. 2, 475; id. E. 2, 72:

deformem et taetrum ante omnia vultum,

Juv. 10, 191.—

In entering upon the discussion of several particulars, or in adducing arguments, first of all, in the first place (similar to ac primum quidem, kai prôton men oun; cf. Spald. ad Quint. 4, 2, 4):

ante omnia quid sit rhetorice,

Quint. 2, 15, 1:

ante omnia igitur imitatio per se ipsa non sufficit,

id. 10, 2, 4; so id. 1, 2, 9; 4, 2, 40; 4, 2, 52; 5, 13, 6; 9, 1, 23.—

Of time.

Before: ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. ad Her. 2, 13; cf.

Dirks. Transl. 177 sq.: ante lucem a portu me praemisisti domum,

Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 55; so Cic. de Or. 2, 64, 259; id. Inv. 2, 4, 15; Suet. Galb. 22; Vulg. Luc. 24, 22:

ante diem caupo sciet,

Juv. 9, 108:

ante brumam,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 28:

ante noctem,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 51:

pereundum erit ante lucernas,

Juv. 10, 339:

ante haec omnia,

Vulg. Luc. 21, 12.— The designation of time is often expressed paraphrastically.

By a person who lived at the time:

jam ante Socratem,

before the time of, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 44:

qui honos togato habitus ante me est nemini,

before me, before my time, id. Cat. 4, 3:

ante Jovem nulli subigebant arva coloni,

Verg. G. 1, 125:

vixere fortes ante Agamemnona Multi,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 25:

ante Helenam,

id. S. 1, 3, 107:

ante se,

Tac. H. 1, 50:

quod ante eum nemo,

Suet. Caes. 26 al. —

By other objects pertaining to a particular time: ante hoc factum, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 64:

ante has meas litteras,

i. e. before the receipt of this letter, Cic. Fam. 13, 17:

per hunc castissimum ante regiam injuriam sanguinem juro,

Liv. 1, 59:

ante mare et terras, et quod tegit omnia, caelum,

Ov. M. 1, 5:

ante sidus fervidum,

Hor. Epod. 1, 27:

ante cibum,

id. S. 1, 10, 61, and Juv. 6, 428:

Hoc discunt omnes ante alpha et beta,

before their A B C, id. 14, 209:

cur ante tubam tremor occupat artus?

Verg. A. 11, 424:

Tecum prius ergo voluta Haec ante tubas,

Juv. 1, 169.—Also by the designation of the office of a person:

ante aedilitatem meam,

Cic. Att. 12, 17:

ante sceptrum Dictaei regis,

Verg. G. 2, 536:

ante imperium ducis,

Flor. 4, 2, 66:

relictis multis filiis et in regno et ante regnum susceptis,

Just. 2, 10.—And by the designation of office in app. to the person:

mortuus est ante istum praetorem,

Cic. Verr. 1, 45, 115:

docuerant fabulas ante hos consules,

id. Brut. 18, 73:

cum ante illum imperatorem clipeis uterentur,

Nep. Iphicr. 1, 3:

quos ante se imperatorem nemo ausus sit aspicere,

id. Epam. 8, 3.—A part. perf. or fut. pass. is freq. added to such substantives for the sake of explanation:

ante hanc urbem conditam,

before the founding of this city, Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7 (opp. post urbem conditam):

non multo ante urbem captam,

id. Div. 1, 45:

ante Epaminondam natum,

Nep. Epam. 10, 4:

ante te cognitum multis orantibus opem tuli,

Sall. J. 110, 2:

ante decemviros creatos,

Liv. 3, 53 al. —

Hence particular phrases.

Ante tempus,

Before the right time:

ante tempus excitatis suis,

Liv. 31, 36.—

Before the appointed, proper, or lawful time:

factus est consul bis, primum ante tempus,

Cic. Lael. 3:

honores et ante tempus et quosdam novi generis cepit,

Suet. Aug. 26:

venisti ante tempus torquere nos?

Vulg. Matt. 8, 29 (cf. annus, II. D.).—

Ante diem, poet.,

Before the time:

Caesaribus virtus contigit ante diem,

Ov. A. A. 1, 184:

ante diem vultu gressuque superbo Vicerat aequales,

Stat. S. 2, 1, 108.—

Before the time destined by fate:

filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos,

Ov. M. 1, 148:

hic dolor ante diem Pandiona misit ad umbras,

id. ib. 6, 675; id. A. A. 3, 739:

sed misera ante diem subitoque accensa furore, etc.,

Verg. A. 4, 697 (cf. Soph. Antig. 461: ei de tou chronou prosthen thanoumai). —

Ante hunc diem, with a negative:

istunc hominem numquam audivi ante hunc diem,

never before this day, never until now, Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 60; 4, 2, 7:

neque umquam ante hunc diem,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 19; 5, 4, 23:

Novum crimen et ante hunc diem inauditum ad te Q. Tubero detulit,

Cic. Lig. 1, 1 (cf. Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 17: neque eum ante usquam conspexi prius). —

Ante diem (abbrev. a. d.) with an ordinal number gives the date, not of the foregoing, but of the present day; e. g. ante diem quintum (a. d. V.) Kalendas Apriles, the fifth day before the calends of April. Orig. the ante belonged to Kalendas, and they said either, ante die quinto Kalendas (i. e. die quinto ante Kalendas), or ante diem quintum Kalendas; the latter phraseology became the prevailing one, and ante diem, being considered as one word, the prepp. in and ex could be prefixed; cf. Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 3, 12; Duker ad Liv. 27, 23; Rudd. II. p. 291; Madv. Gr. Suppl. I.; Drak. ad Liv. 45, 2, 12: me ante diem XIII. Kalendas Januarias principem revocandae libertatis fuisse, the thirteenth before the calends of January, i. e. the 20 th of Dec., Cic. Phil. 14, 7, 20: ante diem XII. Kalendas Novembres, the 21 st of Oct.: ante diem VI. Kalendas Novembres, the 27 th of Oct., id. Cat. 1, 3: ante diem VIII. Kalendas Decembres, the 24 th of Nov., id. Phil. 3, 8: a. d. IV. Id. Mart. (ante diem quartum Idus Martias), i. e. the 12 th of March, Liv. 40, 59: ante diem III. Non. Jan. M. Cicero natus est, i. e. on the 3 d of Jan., Gell. 15, 28 al.:

in ante diem quartum Kal. Dec. distulit,

Cic. Phil. 3, 8: caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem V. Kal. Nov., to the 28 th of Oct., id. Cat. 1, 3:

ex ante diem VII. Id. Febr.,

Varr. R. R. 1, 28, 1: nuntii venerant ex ante diem Non. Jun. usque ad prid. Kal. Sept., from the 3 d of June, Cic. Att. 3, 17:

supplicatio indicta est ante diem V. Id. Oct. cum eo die in quinque dies,

Liv. 45, 2, 12.—

Sometimes to designate the whole time until the passing moment:

ante id tempus et mari et terrā duces erant Lace daemonii,

Nep. Arist. 2, 3:

qui honos huic uni ante id tempus contigit,

id. Timoth. 2, 3:

invictus ante eam diem fuerat,

Curt. 5, 3, 22.—

Ante annos, before the destined time:

Ante suos annos occidit,

Ov. Am. 2, 2, 46:

Ante annos animumque gerens curamque virilem,

beyond his years, Verg. A. 9, 311 (cf.:

suos annos praeterire,

Sil. 4, 428; and:

annos transcendere factis,

id. 2, 348). —

Ante hoc, for antea, antehac, belongs to the later Latin:

ante hoc incognita,

Luc. 6, 116:

ante hoc domūs pars videntur,

Tac. G. 13.

Adv., of space and time (the latter most freq.).

Of space, before, in front, forwards: post me erat Aegina, ante Megara, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 9:

fluvius ab tergo, ante circaque velut ripa praeceps oram ejus omnem cingebat,

Liv. 27, 18; 22, 5:

coronatus stabit et ante calix,

Tib. 2, 5, 98:

plena oculis et ante et retro,

Vulg. Apoc. 4, 6.—Of motion (cf. supra, I. A. 1.):

si aut manibus ingrediatur quis aut non ante, sed retro,

Cic. Fin. 5, 12, 35:

pallida Tisiphone morbos agit ante metumque,

Verg. G. 3, 552.—

1.. Of time, before, previously (always in reference to another past time, while ante as prep. is used in reference to the present).

With verbs:

nonne oportuit Praescīsse me ante,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 4:

id te oro, ut ante eamus,

id. ib. 3, 3, 24;

very freq. in Cic.: quod utinam illi ante accidisset,

Cic. Phil. 11, 14:

quae ante acta sunt,

id. Verr. 1, 109:

sicut ante fecimus,

Vulg. Jos. 8, 5; ib. Jud. 16, 20:

fructus omnis ante actae vitae,

Cic. Marcell. 3; so Ov. M. 12, 115, and Tac. A. 6, 16:

apud vos ante feci mentionem,

Cic. Agr. 3, 4:

faciam hoc non novum, sed ab eis ante factum,

id. Verr. 1, 55; Verg. E. 9, 63; Juv. 3, 243; 15, 320:

illud de quo ante dixi,

Cic. Sex. Rosc. 116:

quos ante dixi,

id. Off. 2, 14, 50:

ut ante dixi,

id. Imp. Pomp. 16; id. Mil. 45:

quem ad modum ante dixi,

id. Sex. Rosc. 91:

additis, quae ante deliquerant,

Tac. A. 6, 9:

filium ante sublatum brevi amisit,

id. Agr. 6; id. G. 10; id. A. 11, 7; id. H. 2, 43.—And often accomp. by jam:

acceperam jam ante Caesaris litteras, ut etc.,

Cic. Phil. 2, 49; id. Marcell. 12; id. Verr. 2, 23.—Rarely accomp. by saepe.:

ut saepe ante fecerant,

Cic. Balb. 40; id. Rab. Post. 13.—

Rarely with adjj.:

non filius ante pudicus,

Juv. 3, 111:

quos acciverat, incertum, experiens an et ante gnavos,

Tac. A. 14, 7.—

Often with substt. in the abl. or acc. for a more accurate designation of time (cf. also abhinc with the abl. and acc.; in these cases ante was considered by the ancient critics as a prep., which could also govern the abl.; cf. Charis. p. 209 P.; Serv. ad Verg. E. 1, 30. The position of ante is sometimes before and sometimes after the subst., and sometimes between the numeral and the subst.):

illos septem et multis ante saeculis Lycurgum accepimus fuisse sapientes,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7:

etsi perpaucis ante diebus (i. e. before the departure of Theophilus, of whom mention is afterwards made) dederam Q. Mucio litteras ad te,

id. Fam. 4, 9:

paucis diebus ante,

id. Phil. 2, 40:

viginti annis ante,

id. Lael. 12, 42:

voverat eam annis undecim ante,

Liv. 40, 52, 4 (cf. id. 40, 51:

quae bello Ligustico ante annis octo vovisset): optimum erit ante annum scrobes facere,

a year before, Col. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 8, 23, 7:

Tyron urbem ante annum Trojanae cladis condiderunt,

a year before the fall of Troy, Just. 18, 3, 5:

ante quadriennium amissus es,

four years previously, Tac. Agr. 45:

aliquot ante annos,

Suet. Caes. 12; v. id. ib. 81 al.—

With the advv. multo, paulo, aliquanto, tanto, quanto, and rarely permultum:

multo ante prospexi tempestatem futuram,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

haud multo ante adventum,

Tac. Agr. 18.—And in the order ante multo:

ante multo a te didicerimus,

Cic. Sen. 2, 6:

Venisti paulo ante in senatum,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 16; id. Marcell. 7; id. Mil. 7; Tac. G. 41; id. H. 3, 68; Suet. Caes. 21; Vulg. Sap. 15, 8; ib. 2 Macc. 3, 30;

6, 29 et saep.—And in the order ante paulo: quae ante paulo perbreviter attigi,

Cic. Rep. 2, 4:

profectus est aliquanto ante furorem Catilinae,

id. Sull. 20, 56 bis; id. Verr. 1, 149.—And in the order ante aliquanto: ante aliquanto quam tu natus es, Cic. Fam. [p. 129] 10, 4; id. Vatin. 25; id. Verr. 2, 46:

tanto ante praedixeras,

id. Phil. 2, 33:

quod si Cleomenes non tanto ante fugisset,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 34; 5, 78, 89; id. Cat. 3, 17; id. de Or. 1, 7, 26; so Quint. 2, 4, 28:

quanto ante providerit,

Cic. Sest. 8:

permultum ante certior factus eram litteris,

id. Fam. 3, 11; cf. Prisc. p. 1191 P.—

Followed by quam (written also as one word, antequam; the form prius quam was more freq. in archaic Latin), sooner than; before.

With ind. pres.:

ante quam doceo id factum non esse, libet mihi,

Cic. Quinct. 48:

ante quam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca dicam,

id. Cat. 4, 20; id. Mil. 7; id. Deiot. 7; id. Clu. 6.—

With ind. perf.:

memini Catonem anno ante quam est mortuus mecum disserere,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11:

anno ipso ante quam natus est Ennius,

id. Brut. 18, 72:

ante aliquanto quam tu natus es,

id. Fam. 10, 3:

neque ante dimisit eum quam fidem dedit,

Liv. 39, 10:

ante quam ille est factus inimicus,

Cic. Phil. 12, 9.—

Rarely with fut. perf.:

ante provinciam sibi decretam audiet quam potuerit tempus ei rei datum suspicari,

Cic. Phil. 11, 24:

neque defatigabor ante quam... percepero,

id. de Or. 3, 36, 145.—

With subj. pres.:

ante quam veniat in Pontum, litteras ad Cn. Pompeium mittet,

Cic. Agr. 2, 53:

hac lege ante omnia veniunt, quam gleba una ematur,

id. ib. 2, 71; id. Sest. 15; id. Phil. 1, 1; Verg. E. 1, 60 sqq.; Vulg. Gen. 11, 4; ib. 4 Reg. 2, 9; ib. Matt. 6, 8.—

With subj. imperf.:

Romae et ad urbem, ante quam proficisceretur, quaerere coepit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 167:

qui (sol) ante quam se abderet, fugientem vidit Antonium,

id. Phil. 14, 27; 8, 1; id. Verr. 4, 147; Vulg. Gen. 2, 5; 13, 10; ib. Matt. 1, 18; ib. Joan. 8, 58.—

With subj. perf.:

ante vero quam sit ea res adlata, laetitiā frui satis est,

Cic. Phil. 14, 1:

domesticum malum opprimit ante quam prospicere potueris,

id. Verr. 1, 39; id. Sull. 44; id. Planc. 40:

nec ante vincere desierint quam Rubro mari inclusis quod vincerent defuerit,

Liv. 42, 52:

nec ante (barbam capillumque) dempserit quam vindicāsset,

Suet. Caes. 67.—

With subj. pluperf.:

se ante quam eam uxorem duxisset domum, sperāsse etc.,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 71:

qui ante quam de meo adventu audire potuissent, in Macedoniam perrexi,

Cic. Planc. 98:

ut consul ante fieret, quam ullum alium magistratum capere licuisset,

id. Imp. Pomp. 62; id. Quinct. 9; id. Verr. 2, 55; 2, 171.—

With inf.:

dici vix potest quam multa sint quae respondeatis ante fieri oportere, quam ad hanc rationem devenire,

Cic. Quinct. 54.—

With part.:

armati nullum ante finem pugnae quam morientes fecerunt,

Liv. 21, 15, 4 (on the use of these different constructions, v. Roby, §§ 1671, 1462, 1672 etc.; Draeger, Hist. Synt. II. pp. 589 sqq.;

and esp. Fischer, Gr. § 621). —In the poets sometimes with quam before ante: Respice item quam nil ad nos anteacta vetustas Temporis aeterni fuerit, quam nascimur ante,

Lucr. 3, 972:

Non ego signatis quicquam mandare tabellis, Ne legat id nemo quam meus ante, velim,

Tib. 4, 7, 8; Mart. 9, 36, 6.—Also in the poets sometimes pleon. ante—prius—quam:

sed mihi vel tellus optem prius ima dehiscat Ante, pudor, quam te violo aut tua jura resolvo,

Verg. A. 4, 24; so,

prius—quam— ante: Aut prius infecto deposcit praemia cursu, Septima quam metam triverit ante rota?

Prop. 3, 20, 25.—

For the designation of order, foll. by tum, deinde, etc., first, in the first place (only in later Lat. for the class. primum):

ut ante caput, deinde reliqua pars auferatur,

Cels. 7, 29:

et ante dicam de his, quae, etc.: tum, etc.,

id. 5, 26:

ante tonderi... deinde... tum, etc.,

id. 6, 6, 8; so Plin. 34, 13, 34, § 131 dub.—

Very rarely used as adj. (in imitation of the Greek):

neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum,

earlier, previous ills, Verg. A. 1, 198 (cf. tôn paros kakôn, Soph. O. T. 1423):

ille elegit, qui recipit ante meliorem,

Quint. Decl. 1, 14; cf. Liv. 24, 82, 5 (on this use of the adv., v. Kritz ad Sall. J. 76, 5).

In composition.

Of space, before, in front of, forwards: antepono, antefigo, antefero, antemitto.—

Fig. of preference, before, above: antepono.—

Of degree, before, above, more: antepotens, antepollens—

In designations of time only with adjj. and advv.: antelucanus, antemeridianus, antehac, antelucio.With verbs, ante is more correctly written separately: ante actus, ante factus, ante gestus, ante paro, etc., although editions differ in this respect. V. more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 361-390, and pp. 394-402.

antĕ (old form anti, whence antidea, antideo, antidhac; v. antea, anteeo, and antehac) [Gr. anti, over against, facing, anta, antên; Sanscr. anti = over against; Germ. ant- in Ant-wort = Goth. anda-vaurdi, an answer, anda-nahti, the night before], prep. and adv. (acc. to Max. Victor. p. 1953, as prep. with the grave accent; as adv. with the acute on the last syl.).

Prep. with acc., before (syn.: prae, pro).

In space, or trop. in regard to estimation, judgment, or rank (usu. only of objects at rest. while prae is used of those in motion; cf. Herz. ad Caes. B. G. 1, 21; v. exceptions infra).

In space:

quem ante aedīs video,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 136:

ante ostium Me audivit stare,

Ter. And. 3, 1, 16; so Vulg. Lev. 1, 5:

Ornatas paulo ante fores,

Juv. 6, 227; so Vulg. Num. 3, 26:

ante meum limen,

Juv. 11, 190:

ante suum fundum,

Cic. Mil. 10:

ut ante suos hortulos postridie piscarentur,

id. Off. 3, 14, 58:

ante sepulcrales infelix adstitit aras,

Ov. M. 8, 480; so Verg. A. 1, 344; 3, 545; Juv. 10, 268:

ante altaria,

id. 8, 155; so Vulg. Deut. 26, 4; ib. Matt. 5, 24. —Of persons:

ante hosce deos erant arulae,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 3:

quīs ante ora patrum contigit oppetere,

Verg. A. 1, 95; id. G. 4, 477:

ipsius unam (navem) ante oculos pontus in puppim ferit,

id. A. 1, 114; 2, 531; 2, 773:

ante se statuit funditores,

Liv. 42, 58:

Flos Asiae ante ipsum,

Juv. 5, 56; Vulg. Matt. 17, 2:

si luditur alea pernox Ante Numantinos,

Juv. 8, 11.— Trop.:

ante oculos collocata,

Cic. de Or. 1, 43, 192:

ante oculos errat domus,

Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 57: [p. 128] causam ante eum diceret, before him as judge, Cic. Verr. 1, 3, 9:

donec stet ante judicium,

Vulg. Josh. 20, 6; ib. Marc. 13, 9.—And in eccl. Lat., after the Heb. and Hel. Gr., before, in the sight of, in the judgment of:

ante Dominum vilior fiam,

Vulg. 2 Reg. 6, 21 sq.:

non te justifices ante Deum,

ib. Eccli. 7, 5:

justi ambo ante Deum,

ib. Luc. 1, 6;

and fully: fecit Asa rectum ante conspectum Domini,

ib. 3 Reg. 15, 11; ib. Apoc. 12, 10.—Hence, homines ante pedes (in later Lat.), servants; cf. the annotators upon Juv. 7, 143.—With verbs of motion:

ante me ito,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 70:

equitatum omnem ante se mittit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

ante ceteras cohortes extra aciem procurrere,

id. B. C. 1, 55:

praecurrit ante omnes,

id. ib. 2, 34; so Nep. Dat. 3, 2; Liv. 7, 41; 45, 40 al.; Vulg. Lev. 27, 11; ib. 1 Reg. 12, 2.—

Trop. of preference in judgment, or regulations in respect to rank, before (this is properly the signification of prae, q. v.; hence more rare than that, and never used by Cic.): quem ante me diligo, before myself, more than myself, Balbus ap. Cic. Att. 8, 15.—So ante aliquem esse, to surpass, excel any one:

facundiā Graecos, gloriā belli Gallos ante Romanos fuisse,

Sall. C. 53, 3, ubi v. Corte and Kritz:

tum me vero et ante Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omnes alios imperatores esse,

superior to, Liv. 35, 14:

necessitas ante rationem est,

necessity knows no law, Curt. 7, 7, 10.—Hence very freq. (but mostly poet. and post-class.),

Ante alios, ante omnes, ante ceteros, etc., before others, before all, etc., to designate a comparative relation;

also sometimes, for the sake of emphasis, with comparatives and superlatives: tibi, Neptune, ante alios deos gratias ago,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 5; so Ov. M. 10, 120:

scito illum ante omnīs minumi mortalem preti,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 8:

tua ante omnes experientia,

Tac. A. 2, 76; 1, 27; Liv. 1, 9:

Junoni ante omnīs candentis vaccae media inter cornua (pateram) fundit,

Verg. A. 4, 59:

Ipse est ante omnes,

Vulg. Col. 1, 17:

O felix una ante alias Priameïa virgo,

Verg. A. 3, 321:

ante omnes furor est insignis equarum,

id. G. 3, 266:

scelere ante alios immanior omnīs,

id. A. 1, 347; Liv. 5, 42:

ante alios pulcherrimus omnīs Turnus,

Verg. A. 7, 55; so Nep. Att. 3, 3; Liv. 1, 15; cf. Rudd. II. p. 82; II. p. 101; II. p. 305.—

Ante omnia.

Before all things, first of all:

alvus ante omnia ducitur,

Cels. 7, 30:

oportet autem ante omnia os nudare,

id. 8, 2:

Ante omnia instituit, ut etc.,

Suet. Ner. 32; id. Calig. 21:

Ante omnia autem, fratres, etc.,

Vulg. Jac. 5, 12; ib. 1 Petr. 4, 8.—

Comparatively, above all, especially, chiefty:

publica maestitia eo ante omnia insignis, quia matronae annum, ut parentem, eum luxerunt,

Liv. 2, 7; 7, 4:

quae natura multis et ante omnia ursis,

Plin. 8, 35, 53, § 125:

dulces ante omnia Musae,

the Muses pleasing above all things, Verg. G. 2, 475; id. E. 2, 72:

deformem et taetrum ante omnia vultum,

Juv. 10, 191.—

In entering upon the discussion of several particulars, or in adducing arguments, first of all, in the first place (similar to ac primum quidem, kai prôton men oun; cf. Spald. ad Quint. 4, 2, 4):

ante omnia quid sit rhetorice,

Quint. 2, 15, 1:

ante omnia igitur imitatio per se ipsa non sufficit,

id. 10, 2, 4; so id. 1, 2, 9; 4, 2, 40; 4, 2, 52; 5, 13, 6; 9, 1, 23.—

Of time.

Before: ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. ad Her. 2, 13; cf.

Dirks. Transl. 177 sq.: ante lucem a portu me praemisisti domum,

Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 55; so Cic. de Or. 2, 64, 259; id. Inv. 2, 4, 15; Suet. Galb. 22; Vulg. Luc. 24, 22:

ante diem caupo sciet,

Juv. 9, 108:

ante brumam,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 28:

ante noctem,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 51:

pereundum erit ante lucernas,

Juv. 10, 339:

ante haec omnia,

Vulg. Luc. 21, 12.— The designation of time is often expressed paraphrastically.

By a person who lived at the time:

jam ante Socratem,

before the time of, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 44:

qui honos togato habitus ante me est nemini,

before me, before my time, id. Cat. 4, 3:

ante Jovem nulli subigebant arva coloni,

Verg. G. 1, 125:

vixere fortes ante Agamemnona Multi,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 25:

ante Helenam,

id. S. 1, 3, 107:

ante se,

Tac. H. 1, 50:

quod ante eum nemo,

Suet. Caes. 26 al. —

By other objects pertaining to a particular time: ante hoc factum, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 64:

ante has meas litteras,

i. e. before the receipt of this letter, Cic. Fam. 13, 17:

per hunc castissimum ante regiam injuriam sanguinem juro,

Liv. 1, 59:

ante mare et terras, et quod tegit omnia, caelum,

Ov. M. 1, 5:

ante sidus fervidum,

Hor. Epod. 1, 27:

ante cibum,

id. S. 1, 10, 61, and Juv. 6, 428:

Hoc discunt omnes ante alpha et beta,

before their A B C, id. 14, 209:

cur ante tubam tremor occupat artus?

Verg. A. 11, 424:

Tecum prius ergo voluta Haec ante tubas,

Juv. 1, 169.—Also by the designation of the office of a person:

ante aedilitatem meam,

Cic. Att. 12, 17:

ante sceptrum Dictaei regis,

Verg. G. 2, 536:

ante imperium ducis,

Flor. 4, 2, 66:

relictis multis filiis et in regno et ante regnum susceptis,

Just. 2, 10.—And by the designation of office in app. to the person:

mortuus est ante istum praetorem,

Cic. Verr. 1, 45, 115:

docuerant fabulas ante hos consules,

id. Brut. 18, 73:

cum ante illum imperatorem clipeis uterentur,

Nep. Iphicr. 1, 3:

quos ante se imperatorem nemo ausus sit aspicere,

id. Epam. 8, 3.—A part. perf. or fut. pass. is freq. added to such substantives for the sake of explanation:

ante hanc urbem conditam,

before the founding of this city, Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7 (opp. post urbem conditam):

non multo ante urbem captam,

id. Div. 1, 45:

ante Epaminondam natum,

Nep. Epam. 10, 4:

ante te cognitum multis orantibus opem tuli,

Sall. J. 110, 2:

ante decemviros creatos,

Liv. 3, 53 al. —

Hence particular phrases.

Ante tempus,

Before the right time:

ante tempus excitatis suis,

Liv. 31, 36.—

Before the appointed, proper, or lawful time:

factus est consul bis, primum ante tempus,

Cic. Lael. 3:

honores et ante tempus et quosdam novi generis cepit,

Suet. Aug. 26:

venisti ante tempus torquere nos?

Vulg. Matt. 8, 29 (cf. annus, II. D.).—

Ante diem, poet.,

Before the time:

Caesaribus virtus contigit ante diem,

Ov. A. A. 1, 184:

ante diem vultu gressuque superbo Vicerat aequales,

Stat. S. 2, 1, 108.—

Before the time destined by fate:

filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos,

Ov. M. 1, 148:

hic dolor ante diem Pandiona misit ad umbras,

id. ib. 6, 675; id. A. A. 3, 739:

sed misera ante diem subitoque accensa furore, etc.,

Verg. A. 4, 697 (cf. Soph. Antig. 461: ei de tou chronou prosthen thanoumai). —

Ante hunc diem, with a negative:

istunc hominem numquam audivi ante hunc diem,

never before this day, never until now, Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 60; 4, 2, 7:

neque umquam ante hunc diem,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 19; 5, 4, 23:

Novum crimen et ante hunc diem inauditum ad te Q. Tubero detulit,

Cic. Lig. 1, 1 (cf. Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 17: neque eum ante usquam conspexi prius). —

Ante diem (abbrev. a. d.) with an ordinal number gives the date, not of the foregoing, but of the present day; e. g. ante diem quintum (a. d. V.) Kalendas Apriles, the fifth day before the calends of April. Orig. the ante belonged to Kalendas, and they said either, ante die quinto Kalendas (i. e. die quinto ante Kalendas), or ante diem quintum Kalendas; the latter phraseology became the prevailing one, and ante diem, being considered as one word, the prepp. in and ex could be prefixed; cf. Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 3, 12; Duker ad Liv. 27, 23; Rudd. II. p. 291; Madv. Gr. Suppl. I.; Drak. ad Liv. 45, 2, 12: me ante diem XIII. Kalendas Januarias principem revocandae libertatis fuisse, the thirteenth before the calends of January, i. e. the 20 th of Dec., Cic. Phil. 14, 7, 20: ante diem XII. Kalendas Novembres, the 21 st of Oct.: ante diem VI. Kalendas Novembres, the 27 th of Oct., id. Cat. 1, 3: ante diem VIII. Kalendas Decembres, the 24 th of Nov., id. Phil. 3, 8: a. d. IV. Id. Mart. (ante diem quartum Idus Martias), i. e. the 12 th of March, Liv. 40, 59: ante diem III. Non. Jan. M. Cicero natus est, i. e. on the 3 d of Jan., Gell. 15, 28 al.:

in ante diem quartum Kal. Dec. distulit,

Cic. Phil. 3, 8: caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem V. Kal. Nov., to the 28 th of Oct., id. Cat. 1, 3:

ex ante diem VII. Id. Febr.,

Varr. R. R. 1, 28, 1: nuntii venerant ex ante diem Non. Jun. usque ad prid. Kal. Sept., from the 3 d of June, Cic. Att. 3, 17:

supplicatio indicta est ante diem V. Id. Oct. cum eo die in quinque dies,

Liv. 45, 2, 12.—

Sometimes to designate the whole time until the passing moment:

ante id tempus et mari et terrā duces erant Lace daemonii,

Nep. Arist. 2, 3:

qui honos huic uni ante id tempus contigit,

id. Timoth. 2, 3:

invictus ante eam diem fuerat,

Curt. 5, 3, 22.—

Ante annos, before the destined time:

Ante suos annos occidit,

Ov. Am. 2, 2, 46:

Ante annos animumque gerens curamque virilem,

beyond his years, Verg. A. 9, 311 (cf.:

suos annos praeterire,

Sil. 4, 428; and:

annos transcendere factis,

id. 2, 348). —

Ante hoc, for antea, antehac, belongs to the later Latin:

ante hoc incognita,

Luc. 6, 116:

ante hoc domūs pars videntur,

Tac. G. 13.

Adv., of space and time (the latter most freq.).

Of space, before, in front, forwards: post me erat Aegina, ante Megara, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 9:

fluvius ab tergo, ante circaque velut ripa praeceps oram ejus omnem cingebat,

Liv. 27, 18; 22, 5:

coronatus stabit et ante calix,

Tib. 2, 5, 98:

plena oculis et ante et retro,

Vulg. Apoc. 4, 6.—Of motion (cf. supra, I. A. 1.):

si aut manibus ingrediatur quis aut non ante, sed retro,

Cic. Fin. 5, 12, 35:

pallida Tisiphone morbos agit ante metumque,

Verg. G. 3, 552.—

1.. Of time, before, previously (always in reference to another past time, while ante as prep. is used in reference to the present).

With verbs:

nonne oportuit Praescīsse me ante,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 4:

id te oro, ut ante eamus,

id. ib. 3, 3, 24;

very freq. in Cic.: quod utinam illi ante accidisset,

Cic. Phil. 11, 14:

quae ante acta sunt,

id. Verr. 1, 109:

sicut ante fecimus,

Vulg. Jos. 8, 5; ib. Jud. 16, 20:

fructus omnis ante actae vitae,

Cic. Marcell. 3; so Ov. M. 12, 115, and Tac. A. 6, 16:

apud vos ante feci mentionem,

Cic. Agr. 3, 4:

faciam hoc non novum, sed ab eis ante factum,

id. Verr. 1, 55; Verg. E. 9, 63; Juv. 3, 243; 15, 320:

illud de quo ante dixi,

Cic. Sex. Rosc. 116:

quos ante dixi,

id. Off. 2, 14, 50:

ut ante dixi,

id. Imp. Pomp. 16; id. Mil. 45:

quem ad modum ante dixi,

id. Sex. Rosc. 91:

additis, quae ante deliquerant,

Tac. A. 6, 9:

filium ante sublatum brevi amisit,

id. Agr. 6; id. G. 10; id. A. 11, 7; id. H. 2, 43.—And often accomp. by jam:

acceperam jam ante Caesaris litteras, ut etc.,

Cic. Phil. 2, 49; id. Marcell. 12; id. Verr. 2, 23.—Rarely accomp. by saepe.:

ut saepe ante fecerant,

Cic. Balb. 40; id. Rab. Post. 13.—

Rarely with adjj.:

non filius ante pudicus,

Juv. 3, 111:

quos acciverat, incertum, experiens an et ante gnavos,

Tac. A. 14, 7.—

Often with substt. in the abl. or acc. for a more accurate designation of time (cf. also abhinc with the abl. and acc.; in these cases ante was considered by the ancient critics as a prep., which could also govern the abl.; cf. Charis. p. 209 P.; Serv. ad Verg. E. 1, 30. The position of ante is sometimes before and sometimes after the subst., and sometimes between the numeral and the subst.):

illos septem et multis ante saeculis Lycurgum accepimus fuisse sapientes,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7:

etsi perpaucis ante diebus (i. e. before the departure of Theophilus, of whom mention is afterwards made) dederam Q. Mucio litteras ad te,

id. Fam. 4, 9:

paucis diebus ante,

id. Phil. 2, 40:

viginti annis ante,

id. Lael. 12, 42:

voverat eam annis undecim ante,

Liv. 40, 52, 4 (cf. id. 40, 51:

quae bello Ligustico ante annis octo vovisset): optimum erit ante annum scrobes facere,

a year before, Col. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 8, 23, 7:

Tyron urbem ante annum Trojanae cladis condiderunt,

a year before the fall of Troy, Just. 18, 3, 5:

ante quadriennium amissus es,

four years previously, Tac. Agr. 45:

aliquot ante annos,

Suet. Caes. 12; v. id. ib. 81 al.—

With the advv. multo, paulo, aliquanto, tanto, quanto, and rarely permultum:

multo ante prospexi tempestatem futuram,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

haud multo ante adventum,

Tac. Agr. 18.—And in the order ante multo:

ante multo a te didicerimus,

Cic. Sen. 2, 6:

Venisti paulo ante in senatum,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 16; id. Marcell. 7; id. Mil. 7; Tac. G. 41; id. H. 3, 68; Suet. Caes. 21; Vulg. Sap. 15, 8; ib. 2 Macc. 3, 30;

6, 29 et saep.—And in the order ante paulo: quae ante paulo perbreviter attigi,

Cic. Rep. 2, 4:

profectus est aliquanto ante furorem Catilinae,

id. Sull. 20, 56 bis; id. Verr. 1, 149.—And in the order ante aliquanto: ante aliquanto quam tu natus es, Cic. Fam. [p. 129] 10, 4; id. Vatin. 25; id. Verr. 2, 46:

tanto ante praedixeras,

id. Phil. 2, 33:

quod si Cleomenes non tanto ante fugisset,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 34; 5, 78, 89; id. Cat. 3, 17; id. de Or. 1, 7, 26; so Quint. 2, 4, 28:

quanto ante providerit,

Cic. Sest. 8:

permultum ante certior factus eram litteris,

id. Fam. 3, 11; cf. Prisc. p. 1191 P.—

Followed by quam (written also as one word, antequam; the form prius quam was more freq. in archaic Latin), sooner than; before.

With ind. pres.:

ante quam doceo id factum non esse, libet mihi,

Cic. Quinct. 48:

ante quam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca dicam,

id. Cat. 4, 20; id. Mil. 7; id. Deiot. 7; id. Clu. 6.—

With ind. perf.:

memini Catonem anno ante quam est mortuus mecum disserere,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11:

anno ipso ante quam natus est Ennius,

id. Brut. 18, 72:

ante aliquanto quam tu natus es,

id. Fam. 10, 3:

neque ante dimisit eum quam fidem dedit,

Liv. 39, 10:

ante quam ille est factus inimicus,

Cic. Phil. 12, 9.—

Rarely with fut. perf.:

ante provinciam sibi decretam audiet quam potuerit tempus ei rei datum suspicari,

Cic. Phil. 11, 24:

neque defatigabor ante quam... percepero,

id. de Or. 3, 36, 145.—

With subj. pres.:

ante quam veniat in Pontum, litteras ad Cn. Pompeium mittet,

Cic. Agr. 2, 53:

hac lege ante omnia veniunt, quam gleba una ematur,

id. ib. 2, 71; id. Sest. 15; id. Phil. 1, 1; Verg. E. 1, 60 sqq.; Vulg. Gen. 11, 4; ib. 4 Reg. 2, 9; ib. Matt. 6, 8.—

With subj. imperf.:

Romae et ad urbem, ante quam proficisceretur, quaerere coepit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 167:

qui (sol) ante quam se abderet, fugientem vidit Antonium,

id. Phil. 14, 27; 8, 1; id. Verr. 4, 147; Vulg. Gen. 2, 5; 13, 10; ib. Matt. 1, 18; ib. Joan. 8, 58.—

With subj. perf.:

ante vero quam sit ea res adlata, laetitiā frui satis est,

Cic. Phil. 14, 1:

domesticum malum opprimit ante quam prospicere potueris,

id. Verr. 1, 39; id. Sull. 44; id. Planc. 40:

nec ante vincere desierint quam Rubro mari inclusis quod vincerent defuerit,

Liv. 42, 52:

nec ante (barbam capillumque) dempserit quam vindicāsset,

Suet. Caes. 67.—

With subj. pluperf.:

se ante quam eam uxorem duxisset domum, sperāsse etc.,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 71:

qui ante quam de meo adventu audire potuissent, in Macedoniam perrexi,

Cic. Planc. 98:

ut consul ante fieret, quam ullum alium magistratum capere licuisset,

id. Imp. Pomp. 62; id. Quinct. 9; id. Verr. 2, 55; 2, 171.—

With inf.:

dici vix potest quam multa sint quae respondeatis ante fieri oportere, quam ad hanc rationem devenire,

Cic. Quinct. 54.—

With part.:

armati nullum ante finem pugnae quam morientes fecerunt,

Liv. 21, 15, 4 (on the use of these different constructions, v. Roby, §§ 1671, 1462, 1672 etc.; Draeger, Hist. Synt. II. pp. 589 sqq.;

and esp. Fischer, Gr. § 621). —In the poets sometimes with quam before ante: Respice item quam nil ad nos anteacta vetustas Temporis aeterni fuerit, quam nascimur ante,

Lucr. 3, 972:

Non ego signatis quicquam mandare tabellis, Ne legat id nemo quam meus ante, velim,

Tib. 4, 7, 8; Mart. 9, 36, 6.—Also in the poets sometimes pleon. ante—prius—quam:

sed mihi vel tellus optem prius ima dehiscat Ante, pudor, quam te violo aut tua jura resolvo,

Verg. A. 4, 24; so,

prius—quam— ante: Aut prius infecto deposcit praemia cursu, Septima quam metam triverit ante rota?

Prop. 3, 20, 25.—

For the designation of order, foll. by tum, deinde, etc., first, in the first place (only in later Lat. for the class. primum):

ut ante caput, deinde reliqua pars auferatur,

Cels. 7, 29:

et ante dicam de his, quae, etc.: tum, etc.,

id. 5, 26:

ante tonderi... deinde... tum, etc.,

id. 6, 6, 8; so Plin. 34, 13, 34, § 131 dub.—

Very rarely used as adj. (in imitation of the Greek):

neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum,

earlier, previous ills, Verg. A. 1, 198 (cf. tôn paros kakôn, Soph. O. T. 1423):

ille elegit, qui recipit ante meliorem,

Quint. Decl. 1, 14; cf. Liv. 24, 82, 5 (on this use of the adv., v. Kritz ad Sall. J. 76, 5).

In composition.

Of space, before, in front of, forwards: antepono, antefigo, antefero, antemitto.—

Fig. of preference, before, above: antepono.—

Of degree, before, above, more: antepotens, antepollens—

In designations of time only with adjj. and advv.: antelucanus, antemeridianus, antehac, antelucio.With verbs, ante is more correctly written separately: ante actus, ante factus, ante gestus, ante paro, etc., although editions differ in this respect. V. more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 361-390, and pp. 394-402.

praetĕr-ĕo, īvi, and more freq. ĭi, ĭtum, īre ( fut. praeteriet, Vulg. Sap. 1, 8; id. Ecclus. 39, 37; Juvenc. 4, 159), v. n. and a.

To go by or past, to pass by:

si nemo hac praeteriit,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 15:

ut arbitri sint, qui praetereant per vias,

id. Merc. 5, 4, 46:

praeteriens modo,

in passing by, Ter. And. 1, 5, 18:

quasi praeteriens satisfaciam universis,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 15, 50; cf. id. Brut. 54, 200:

te praetereunte,

Juv. 3, 275.—Of impers. and abstract subjects: nec, quae praeteriit, iterum revocabitur unda nec quae praeteriit hora;

redire potest,

Ov. A. A. 3, 63:

nocte hac, quae praeteriit, proxima,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 3.—So of time:

biennium praeteriit cum ille cubitum nullum processerit,

Cic. Att. 13, 12, 3:

tertius jam praeteriit annus, cum interim, etc.,

Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 1, 7.—

To be lost, disregarded, perish, pass away, pass without attention or fulfilment (late Lat.):

aut unus apex non praeteribit de lege,

Vulg. Matt. 5, 8:

figura hujus mundi,

id. 1 Cor. 7, 31; id. Eccl. 1, 4; 7, 1.—

Act., to go by or past, to pass by, overtake, pass a person or thing.

Lit.:

praeterire pistrinum,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 27:

jam hunc non ausim praeterire,

id. As. 3, 4, 15:

hortos,

Cic. Fin. 5, 1, 3:

jam hos cursu, jam praeterit illos,

Verg. A. 4, 157:

Maura Pudicitiae cum praeterit aram,

Juv. 6, 308.— Pass.:

praeterita est virgo,

Ov. M. 10, 680.—Of inanim. subjects:

ripas Flumina praetereunt,

flow past their banks, Hor. C. 4, 7, 3.—

Trop.

To pass by an evil, to escape a danger:

nescis, quid mali Praeterieris,

Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 4.—

With neutr. adj., or a clause as subject, to escape one, i. e. to escape one's knowledge, be unknown to one:

non me praeterit... me longius prolapsum esse,

Cic. Caecin. 35, 101:

sed te non praeterit, quam sit difficile,

id. Fam. 1, 8, 2: nec dubitamus multa esse, quae et nos praeterierint, Plin. H. N. praef. § 18.—

To pass by or over, i. e.

To pass over, leave out, omit, not mention:

quae nunc ego omnia praetereo ac relinquo,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 44, § 106:

ut hoc praeteream, quod, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 3, 77, §

178: omitto jurisdictionem contra leges, caedes relinquo, libidines praetereo,

id. Prov. Cons. 3, 6:

et quod paene praeterii, Bruti tui causā feci omnia,

what I had nearly failed to mention, id. Att. 6, 3, 5:

aliquid silentio,

id. Brut. 22, 88:

praeteream, referamne tuum... Dedecus?

Ov. F. 6, 319:

ut nihil praeteream,

Plin. 2, 98, 101, § 220:

ne quid praetereatur,

id. 16, 10, 20, § 50.—

To pass over, omit, make no use of:

locus, qui praeteritus neglegentiā est,

Ter. Ad. prol. 14.—

To pass over, to omit, leave out, in reading or writing, Mart. 13, 3, 8:

litteras non modo, sed syllabas praeterit,

Suet. Aug. 88.—

To neglect or forget to do a thing, to omit, leave out, in action; with inf.:

verum, quod praeterii dicere, neque illa matrem, etc.,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 68:

quod sciscitari paene praeterivi,

App. M. 3, p. 139, 22.—With acc.:

nullum genus crudelitatis praeterire,

to leave unpractised, Cic. Phil. 3, 2, 4.— Pass.:

tantā vi dixisse ut nulla pars orationis silentio praeteriretur,

left without applause, Cic. Brut. 22, 88.—

In elections. legacies, invitations, donations, etc., to pass over, take no notice of, to neglect, reject, exclude any one:

populus solet nonnumquam dignos praeterire: nec, si a populo praeteritus est, etc.,

Cic. Planc. 3, 8:

cum sapiens et bonus vir suffragiis praeteritur,

id. Tusc. 5, 19, 54:

Philippus et Marcellus praetereuntur,

were passed by, received no appointment, Caes. B. C. 1, 6:

fratris filium praeteriit,

has passed by, bequeathed nothing to, Cic. Phil. 2, 16, 41:

me quoque Romani praeteriere patres,

neglected me, forgot me, Ov. F. 5, 312:

quid repente factum, Quod sum praeteritus vetus sodalis?

Mart. 7, 86, 5:

si eum (filium) silentio praeterierit, inutiliter testabitur,

Gai. Inst. 2, 123.—

To go beyond, to surpass, excel:

hos nobilitate Mago Carthaginiensis praeteriit,

Varr. R. R. 1, 1:

virtus alios tua praeterit omnes,

Ov. P. 4, 7, 51:

ut Ajax praeteriit Telamonem,

Juv. 14, 214.—

To transgress:

justum praeterit ira modum,

due limits, Ov. F. 5, 304. —Hence,

praetĕrĕunter, adv., in passing, cursorily (eccl. Lat.):

loqui,

Aug. Tractat. 118, in Joann.—

praetĕrĭ-tus, a, um, P. a., gone by, past, past and gone, departed:

nec praeteritum tempus unquam revertitur,

Cic. Sen. 19, 69:

aetas,

id. ib. 2, 4:

anni,

Verg. A. 8, 560:

nox, Prop 2, 11 (3, 6), 9: culpa,

Ov. H. 20, 187:

labor,

Quint. 10, 7, 4:

secula,

id. 12, 4, 2:

vita,

Just. 42, 1:

viri,

dead and gone, departed, Prop. 2, 10, 52 (3, 5, 36):

negotiantes veniā in praeteritum donavit,

for the past, for their past conduct, Suet. Dom. 9:

praeteritā noc. te,

last night, Juv. 10, 235.—In gram.: tempus praeteritum, the past or preterit tense:

quaedam verba etiam mutantur, ut fero in praeterito,

Quint. 1, 4, 29.— Subst.: prae-tĕrĭta, ōrum, n., things gone by, the past:

sevocatus animus a contagione corporis meminit praeteritorum, praesentia cernit, futura praevidet,

Cic. Div. 1, 30, 63; id. Fat. 7, 14:

monet ut in reliquum tempus omnes suspiciones vitet: praeterita se fratri condonare dicit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20:

invidiam praeteritorum contemptu praesentium demere,

Just. 21, 5, 10.—Prov.:

praeterita mutare non possumus,

Cic. Pis. 25, 59 init. —In partic., Praetĕrĭta, ōrum, n., things passed over (Gr. paraleipomena), a name of the books of Chronicles, because they contain what had been omitted in the books of Kings, Hier. Ep. 18, n. 1.

praetĕr-ĕo, īvi, and more freq. ĭi, ĭtum, īre ( fut. praeteriet, Vulg. Sap. 1, 8; id. Ecclus. 39, 37; Juvenc. 4, 159), v. n. and a.

To go by or past, to pass by:

si nemo hac praeteriit,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 15:

ut arbitri sint, qui praetereant per vias,

id. Merc. 5, 4, 46:

praeteriens modo,

in passing by, Ter. And. 1, 5, 18:

quasi praeteriens satisfaciam universis,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 15, 50; cf. id. Brut. 54, 200:

te praetereunte,

Juv. 3, 275.—Of impers. and abstract subjects: nec, quae praeteriit, iterum revocabitur unda nec quae praeteriit hora;

redire potest,

Ov. A. A. 3, 63:

nocte hac, quae praeteriit, proxima,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 3.—So of time:

biennium praeteriit cum ille cubitum nullum processerit,

Cic. Att. 13, 12, 3:

tertius jam praeteriit annus, cum interim, etc.,

Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 1, 7.—

To be lost, disregarded, perish, pass away, pass without attention or fulfilment (late Lat.):

aut unus apex non praeteribit de lege,

Vulg. Matt. 5, 8:

figura hujus mundi,

id. 1 Cor. 7, 31; id. Eccl. 1, 4; 7, 1.—

Act., to go by or past, to pass by, overtake, pass a person or thing.

Lit.:

praeterire pistrinum,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 27:

jam hunc non ausim praeterire,

id. As. 3, 4, 15:

hortos,

Cic. Fin. 5, 1, 3:

jam hos cursu, jam praeterit illos,

Verg. A. 4, 157:

Maura Pudicitiae cum praeterit aram,

Juv. 6, 308.— Pass.:

praeterita est virgo,

Ov. M. 10, 680.—Of inanim. subjects:

ripas Flumina praetereunt,

flow past their banks, Hor. C. 4, 7, 3.—

Trop.

To pass by an evil, to escape a danger:

nescis, quid mali Praeterieris,

Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 4.—

With neutr. adj., or a clause as subject, to escape one, i. e. to escape one's knowledge, be unknown to one:

non me praeterit... me longius prolapsum esse,

Cic. Caecin. 35, 101:

sed te non praeterit, quam sit difficile,

id. Fam. 1, 8, 2: nec dubitamus multa esse, quae et nos praeterierint, Plin. H. N. praef. § 18.—

To pass by or over, i. e.

To pass over, leave out, omit, not mention:

quae nunc ego omnia praetereo ac relinquo,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 44, § 106:

ut hoc praeteream, quod, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 3, 77, §

178: omitto jurisdictionem contra leges, caedes relinquo, libidines praetereo,

id. Prov. Cons. 3, 6:

et quod paene praeterii, Bruti tui causā feci omnia,

what I had nearly failed to mention, id. Att. 6, 3, 5:

aliquid silentio,

id. Brut. 22, 88:

praeteream, referamne tuum... Dedecus?

Ov. F. 6, 319:

ut nihil praeteream,

Plin. 2, 98, 101, § 220:

ne quid praetereatur,

id. 16, 10, 20, § 50.—

To pass over, omit, make no use of:

locus, qui praeteritus neglegentiā est,

Ter. Ad. prol. 14.—

To pass over, to omit, leave out, in reading or writing, Mart. 13, 3, 8:

litteras non modo, sed syllabas praeterit,

Suet. Aug. 88.—

To neglect or forget to do a thing, to omit, leave out, in action; with inf.:

verum, quod praeterii dicere, neque illa matrem, etc.,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 68:

quod sciscitari paene praeterivi,

App. M. 3, p. 139, 22.—With acc.:

nullum genus crudelitatis praeterire,

to leave unpractised, Cic. Phil. 3, 2, 4.— Pass.:

tantā vi dixisse ut nulla pars orationis silentio praeteriretur,

left without applause, Cic. Brut. 22, 88.—

In elections. legacies, invitations, donations, etc., to pass over, take no notice of, to neglect, reject, exclude any one:

populus solet nonnumquam dignos praeterire: nec, si a populo praeteritus est, etc.,

Cic. Planc. 3, 8:

cum sapiens et bonus vir suffragiis praeteritur,

id. Tusc. 5, 19, 54:

Philippus et Marcellus praetereuntur,

were passed by, received no appointment, Caes. B. C. 1, 6:

fratris filium praeteriit,

has passed by, bequeathed nothing to, Cic. Phil. 2, 16, 41:

me quoque Romani praeteriere patres,

neglected me, forgot me, Ov. F. 5, 312:

quid repente factum, Quod sum praeteritus vetus sodalis?

Mart. 7, 86, 5:

si eum (filium) silentio praeterierit, inutiliter testabitur,

Gai. Inst. 2, 123.—

To go beyond, to surpass, excel:

hos nobilitate Mago Carthaginiensis praeteriit,

Varr. R. R. 1, 1:

virtus alios tua praeterit omnes,

Ov. P. 4, 7, 51:

ut Ajax praeteriit Telamonem,

Juv. 14, 214.—

To transgress:

justum praeterit ira modum,

due limits, Ov. F. 5, 304. —Hence,

praetĕrĕunter, adv., in passing, cursorily (eccl. Lat.):

loqui,

Aug. Tractat. 118, in Joann.—

praetĕrĭ-tus, a, um, P. a., gone by, past, past and gone, departed:

nec praeteritum tempus unquam revertitur,

Cic. Sen. 19, 69:

aetas,

id. ib. 2, 4:

anni,

Verg. A. 8, 560:

nox, Prop 2, 11 (3, 6), 9: culpa,

Ov. H. 20, 187:

labor,

Quint. 10, 7, 4:

secula,

id. 12, 4, 2:

vita,

Just. 42, 1:

viri,

dead and gone, departed, Prop. 2, 10, 52 (3, 5, 36):

negotiantes veniā in praeteritum donavit,

for the past, for their past conduct, Suet. Dom. 9:

praeteritā noc. te,

last night, Juv. 10, 235.—In gram.: tempus praeteritum, the past or preterit tense:

quaedam verba etiam mutantur, ut fero in praeterito,

Quint. 1, 4, 29.— Subst.: prae-tĕrĭta, ōrum, n., things gone by, the past:

sevocatus animus a contagione corporis meminit praeteritorum, praesentia cernit, futura praevidet,

Cic. Div. 1, 30, 63; id. Fat. 7, 14:

monet ut in reliquum tempus omnes suspiciones vitet: praeterita se fratri condonare dicit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20:

invidiam praeteritorum contemptu praesentium demere,

Just. 21, 5, 10.—Prov.:

praeterita mutare non possumus,

Cic. Pis. 25, 59 init. —In partic., Praetĕrĭta, ōrum, n., things passed over (Gr. paraleipomena), a name of the books of Chronicles, because they contain what had been omitted in the books of Kings, Hier. Ep. 18, n. 1.

praetĕr-ĕo, īvi, and more freq. ĭi, ĭtum, īre ( fut. praeteriet, Vulg. Sap. 1, 8; id. Ecclus. 39, 37; Juvenc. 4, 159), v. n. and a.

To go by or past, to pass by:

si nemo hac praeteriit,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 15:

ut arbitri sint, qui praetereant per vias,

id. Merc. 5, 4, 46:

praeteriens modo,

in passing by, Ter. And. 1, 5, 18:

quasi praeteriens satisfaciam universis,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 15, 50; cf. id. Brut. 54, 200:

te praetereunte,

Juv. 3, 275.—Of impers. and abstract subjects: nec, quae praeteriit, iterum revocabitur unda nec quae praeteriit hora;

redire potest,

Ov. A. A. 3, 63:

nocte hac, quae praeteriit, proxima,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 3.—So of time:

biennium praeteriit cum ille cubitum nullum processerit,

Cic. Att. 13, 12, 3:

tertius jam praeteriit annus, cum interim, etc.,

Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 1, 7.—

To be lost, disregarded, perish, pass away, pass without attention or fulfilment (late Lat.):

aut unus apex non praeteribit de lege,

Vulg. Matt. 5, 8:

figura hujus mundi,

id. 1 Cor. 7, 31; id. Eccl. 1, 4; 7, 1.—

Act., to go by or past, to pass by, overtake, pass a person or thing.

Lit.:

praeterire pistrinum,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 27:

jam hunc non ausim praeterire,

id. As. 3, 4, 15:

hortos,

Cic. Fin. 5, 1, 3:

jam hos cursu, jam praeterit illos,

Verg. A. 4, 157:

Maura Pudicitiae cum praeterit aram,

Juv. 6, 308.— Pass.:

praeterita est virgo,

Ov. M. 10, 680.—Of inanim. subjects:

ripas Flumina praetereunt,

flow past their banks, Hor. C. 4, 7, 3.—

Trop.

To pass by an evil, to escape a danger:

nescis, quid mali Praeterieris,

Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 4.—

With neutr. adj., or a clause as subject, to escape one, i. e. to escape one's knowledge, be unknown to one:

non me praeterit... me longius prolapsum esse,

Cic. Caecin. 35, 101:

sed te non praeterit, quam sit difficile,

id. Fam. 1, 8, 2: nec dubitamus multa esse, quae et nos praeterierint, Plin. H. N. praef. § 18.—

To pass by or over, i. e.

To pass over, leave out, omit, not mention:

quae nunc ego omnia praetereo ac relinquo,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 44, § 106:

ut hoc praeteream, quod, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 3, 77, §

178: omitto jurisdictionem contra leges, caedes relinquo, libidines praetereo,

id. Prov. Cons. 3, 6:

et quod paene praeterii, Bruti tui causā feci omnia,

what I had nearly failed to mention, id. Att. 6, 3, 5:

aliquid silentio,

id. Brut. 22, 88:

praeteream, referamne tuum... Dedecus?

Ov. F. 6, 319:

ut nihil praeteream,

Plin. 2, 98, 101, § 220:

ne quid praetereatur,

id. 16, 10, 20, § 50.—

To pass over, omit, make no use of:

locus, qui praeteritus neglegentiā est,

Ter. Ad. prol. 14.—

To pass over, to omit, leave out, in reading or writing, Mart. 13, 3, 8:

litteras non modo, sed syllabas praeterit,

Suet. Aug. 88.—

To neglect or forget to do a thing, to omit, leave out, in action; with inf.:

verum, quod praeterii dicere, neque illa matrem, etc.,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 68:

quod sciscitari paene praeterivi,

App. M. 3, p. 139, 22.—With acc.:

nullum genus crudelitatis praeterire,

to leave unpractised, Cic. Phil. 3, 2, 4.— Pass.:

tantā vi dixisse ut nulla pars orationis silentio praeteriretur,

left without applause, Cic. Brut. 22, 88.—

In elections. legacies, invitations, donations, etc., to pass over, take no notice of, to neglect, reject, exclude any one:

populus solet nonnumquam dignos praeterire: nec, si a populo praeteritus est, etc.,

Cic. Planc. 3, 8:

cum sapiens et bonus vir suffragiis praeteritur,

id. Tusc. 5, 19, 54:

Philippus et Marcellus praetereuntur,

were passed by, received no appointment, Caes. B. C. 1, 6:

fratris filium praeteriit,

has passed by, bequeathed nothing to, Cic. Phil. 2, 16, 41:

me quoque Romani praeteriere patres,

neglected me, forgot me, Ov. F. 5, 312:

quid repente factum, Quod sum praeteritus vetus sodalis?

Mart. 7, 86, 5:

si eum (filium) silentio praeterierit, inutiliter testabitur,

Gai. Inst. 2, 123.—

To go beyond, to surpass, excel:

hos nobilitate Mago Carthaginiensis praeteriit,

Varr. R. R. 1, 1:

virtus alios tua praeterit omnes,

Ov. P. 4, 7, 51:

ut Ajax praeteriit Telamonem,

Juv. 14, 214.—

To transgress:

justum praeterit ira modum,

due limits, Ov. F. 5, 304. —Hence,

praetĕrĕunter, adv., in passing, cursorily (eccl. Lat.):

loqui,

Aug. Tractat. 118, in Joann.—

praetĕrĭ-tus, a, um, P. a., gone by, past, past and gone, departed:

nec praeteritum tempus unquam revertitur,

Cic. Sen. 19, 69:

aetas,

id. ib. 2, 4:

anni,

Verg. A. 8, 560:

nox, Prop 2, 11 (3, 6), 9: culpa,

Ov. H. 20, 187:

labor,

Quint. 10, 7, 4:

secula,

id. 12, 4, 2:

vita,

Just. 42, 1:

viri,

dead and gone, departed, Prop. 2, 10, 52 (3, 5, 36):

negotiantes veniā in praeteritum donavit,

for the past, for their past conduct, Suet. Dom. 9:

praeteritā noc. te,

last night, Juv. 10, 235.—In gram.: tempus praeteritum, the past or preterit tense:

quaedam verba etiam mutantur, ut fero in praeterito,

Quint. 1, 4, 29.— Subst.: prae-tĕrĭta, ōrum, n., things gone by, the past:

sevocatus animus a contagione corporis meminit praeteritorum, praesentia cernit, futura praevidet,

Cic. Div. 1, 30, 63; id. Fat. 7, 14:

monet ut in reliquum tempus omnes suspiciones vitet: praeterita se fratri condonare dicit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20:

invidiam praeteritorum contemptu praesentium demere,

Just. 21, 5, 10.—Prov.:

praeterita mutare non possumus,

Cic. Pis. 25, 59 init. —In partic., Praetĕrĭta, ōrum, n., things passed over (Gr. paraleipomena), a name of the books of Chronicles, because they contain what had been omitted in the books of Kings, Hier. Ep. 18, n. 1.

prĕmo, essi, essum, 3, v. a. [etym. dub.; cf. prelum], to press (class.).

Lit.:

pede pedem alicui premere,

Plaut. As. 4, 1, 30:

et trepidae matres pressere ad pectora natos,

Verg. A. 7, 518:

veluti qui sentibus anguem Pressit humi nitens,

id. ib. 2, 379:

novercae Monstra manu premens,

id. ib. 8, 288:

pressit et inductis membra paterna rotis,

i. e. drove her chariot over her father's body, Ov. Ib. 366:

trabes Hymettiae Premunt columnas,

press, rest heavily upon them, Hor. C. 2, 18, 3:

premere terga genu alicujus,

Ov. Am. 3, 2, 24:

ubera plena,

i. e. to milk, id. F. 4, 769:

vestigia alicujus,

to tread in, to follow one's footsteps, Tac. A. 2, 14:

nudis pressit qui calcibus anguem,

Juv. 1, 43:

dente frena,

to bite, to champ, Ov. M. 10, 704:

ore aliquid,

to chew, eat, id. ib. 5, 538; cf.:

aliquid morsu,

Lucr. 3, 663:

presso molari,

with compressed teeth, Juv. 5, 160:

pressum lac,

i. e. cheese, Verg. E. 1, 82.—In mal. part.:

Hister Peucen premerat Antro,

forced, Val. Fl. 8, 256:

uxorem,

Suet. Calig. 25.—Of animals:

feminas premunt galli,

Mart. 3, 57, 17.—

Transf.

Poet., to bear down upon, to touch:

premere litora,

Ov. M. 14, 416:

litus,

to keep close to the shore, Hor. C. 2, 10, 3:

aëra,

i. e. to fly, Luc. 7, 835.—

Poet., to hold fast, hold, firmly grasp:

premere frena manu,

Ov. M. 8, 37:

ferrum,

to grasp, Sil. 5, 670:

capulum,

id. 2, 615.—

Poet., to press a place with one's body, i. e. to sit, stand, lie, fall, or seat one's self on any thing:

toros,

Ov. H. 12, 30:

sedilia,

id. M. 5, 317:

hoc quod premis habeto,

id. ib. 5, 135:

et pictam positā pharetram cervice premebat,

id. ib. 2, 421:

humum,

to lie on the ground, id. Am. 3, 5, 16; cf. id. F. 4, 844:

frondes tuo premis ore caducas,

id. M. 9, 650; Sen. Hippol. 510.—

To cover, to conceal by covering (mostly poet.):

aliquid terrā,

to conceal, bury in the earth, Hor. Epod. 1, 33:

nonumque prematur in annum,

kept back, suppressed, id. A. P. 388:

omne lucrum tenebris alta premebat humus,

Ov. Am. 3, 8, 36:

ossa male pressa,

i. e. buried, id. Tr. 5, 3, 39; Plin. 2, 79, 81, § 191; hence, to crown, to cover or adorn with any thing:

ut premerer sacrā lauro,

Hor. C. 3, 4, 18:

molli Fronde crinem,

Verg. A. 4, 147:

canitiem galeā,

id. ib. 9, 612:

mitrā capillos,

Ov. F. 4, 517; cf. Verg. A. 5, 556.—

To make, form, or shape any thing by pressing ( poet.):

quod surgente die mulsere horisque diurnis, Nocte premunt,

they make into cheese, Verg. G. 3, 400:

os fingit premendo,

id. A. 6, 80:

caseos,

id. E. 1, 35:

mollem terram,

Vulg. Sap. 15, 7; Calp. Ecl. 5, 34.—

To press hard upon, bear down upon, to crowd, pursue closely:

hostes de loco superiore,

Caes. B. G. 7, 19:

Pompeiani nostros premere et instare coeperunt,

id. B. C. 3, 46:

hac fugerent Graii, premeret Trojana juventus,

Verg. A. 1, 467:

Pergamenae naves cum adversarios premerent acrius,

Nep. Hann. 11, 5:

hinc Rutulus premit, et murum circumsonat armis,

Verg. A. 8, 473:

obsidione urbem,

Caes. B. G. 7, 32.—Of the pursuit or chase of animals:

ad retia cervum,

Verg. G. 3, 413:

spumantis apri cursum clamore,

id. A. 1, 324:

bestias venatione,

Isid. 10, 282.—

To press down, burden, load, freight:

nescia quem premeret,

on whose back she sat, Ov. M. 2, 869:

tergum equi,

id. ib. 8, 34;

14, 343: et natat exuviis Graecia pressa suis,

Prop. 4, 1, 114 (5, 1, 116):

pressae carinae,

Verg. G. 1, 303:

pressus membra mero,

Prop. 2, 12 (3, 7), 42:

magno et gravi onere armorum pressi,

Caes. B. G. 4, 24:

auro phaleras,

to adorn, Stat. Th. 8, 567.—

To press into, force in, press upon:

(caprum) dentes in vite prementem,

Ov. F. 1, 355:

presso sub vomere,

Verg. G. 2, 356; cf.:

presso aratro,

Tib. 4, 1, 161:

alte ensem in corpore,

Stat. Th. 11, 542:

et nitidas presso pollice finge comas,

Prop. 3, 8 (4, 9), 14:

et cubito remanete presso,

leaning upon, Hor. C. 1, 27, 8. —

To make with any thing ( poet.):

aeternā notā,

Ov. F. 6, 610:

littera articulo pressa tremente,

id. H. 10, 140:

multā via pressa rotā,

id. ib. 18, 134.—

To press down, let down, cause to sink down, to lower:

nec preme, nec summum molire per aethera currum,

Ov. M. 2, 135:

humanaeque memor sortis, quae tollit eosdem, Et premit,

id. Tr. 3, 11, 67:

mundus ut ad Scythiam Rhiphaeasque arduus arces Consurgit, premitur Libyae devexus in Austros,

sinks down, Verg. G. 1, 240; Sen. Herc. Fur. 155. —

In partic.

To set, plant:

virgulta per agros,

Verg. G. 2, 346; 26.—

To make or form by pressing down, to make any thing deep, to dig:

vestigio leviter presso,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 53; cf.

(trop.): vestigia non pressa leviter, sed fixa,

id. Sest. 5, 13:

sulcum premere,

to draw a furrow, Verg. A. 10, 296:

fossam transversam, inter montes pressit (al. percussit),

Front. Strat. 1, 5:

fossa pressa,

Plin. Ep. 10, 69, 4:

cavernae in altitudinem pressae,

Curt. 5, 1, 28.—

To strike to the ground, to strike down:

tres famulos,

Verg. A. 9, 329:

paucos,

Tac. H. 4, 2.—

To press closely, compress, press together, close:

oculos,

Verg. A. 9, 487:

alicui fauces,

Ov. M. 12, 509:

laqueo collum,

to strangle, Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 37:

angebar ceu guttura forcipe pressus,

Ov. M. 9, 78:

presso gutture,

compressed, Verg. G. 1, 410; cf.:

siquidem unius praecordia pressit ille (boletus) senis,

i. e. stopped his breath, Juv. 6, 621:

quibus illa premetur Per somnum digitis,

choked, id. 14, 221:

amplexu presso,

united, in close embrace, Sen. Oedip. 192:

oscula jungere pressa,

to exchange kisses, Ov. H. 2, 94; so,

pressa basia,

Mart. 6, 34, 1:

presso gradu incedere,

in close ranks, foot to foot, Liv. 28, 14:

pede presso,

id. 8, 8.—

In partic.

To shorten, tighten, draw in:

pressis habenis,

Verg. A. 11, 600 (cf.:

laxas dure habenas,

id. ib. 1, 63).—

To keep short, prune:

Calenā falce vitem,

Hor. C. 1, 31, 9:

luxuriem falce,

Ov. M. 14, 628:

falce premes umbras (i. e. arbores umbrantes),

Verg. G. 1, 157; 4, 131:

molle salictum,

Calp. Ecl. 5, 110.—

To check, arrest, stop:

premere sanguinem,

Tac. A. 15, 64:

vestigia pressit,

Verg. A. 6, 197:

attoniti pressere gradum,

Val. Fl. 2, 424 ' dixit, pressoque obmutuit ore, was silent, Verg. A. 6, 155.—

To press out, bring out by pressure:

tenerā sucos pressere medullā,

Luc. 4, 318; cf.: (equus) collectumque fremens volvit sub naribus ignem, Verg. ap. Sen. Ep. 95, 68, and id. G. 3, 85 Rib.—

To frequent: feci ut cotidie praesentem me viderent, habitavi in [p. 1441] oculis, pressi forum, Cic. Planc. 27, 66.—

Trop.

To press, press upon, oppress, overwhelm, weigh down; to urge, drive, importune, pursue, to press close or hard, etc. (class.):

ego istum pro suis factis pessumis pessum premam,

Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 49 Lorenz ad loc.:

quae necessitas eum tanta premebat, ut, etc.,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 97:

ea, quae premant, et ea, quae impendeant,

id. Fam. 9, 1, 2:

aerumnae, quae me premunt,

Sall. J. 14, 22:

pressus gravitate soporis,

bound by heavy, deep sleep, Ov. M. 15, 21:

cum aut aere alieno, aut magnitudine tributorum, aut injuriā potentium premuntur,

Caes. B. G. 6, 13:

invidia et odio populi premi,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 228:

premi periculis,

id. Rep. 1, 6, 10:

cum a me premeretur,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 53, § 139; cf.:

aliquem verbo,

id. Tusc. 1, 7, 13:

criminibus veris premere aliquem,

Ov. M. 14, 401:

cum a plerisque ad exeundum premeretur, exire noluit,

was pressed, urged, importuned, Nep. Ages. 6, 1:

a Pompeii procuratoribus sescentis premi coeptus est,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 3: numina nulla premunt;

mortali urgemur ab hoste,

Verg. A. 10, 375:

premere reum voce, vultu,

Tac. A. 3, 67:

crimen,

to pursue obstinately, Quint. 7, 2, 12:

confessionem,

to force a confession from one, id. 7, 1, 29:

argumentum etiam atque etiam,

to pursue steadily, Cic. Tusc. 1, 36, 88:

ancipiti mentem formidine pressus,

Verg. A. 3, 47:

maerore pressa,

Sen. Oct. 103:

veritate pressus negare non potuit,

overcome, overpowered, Lact. 4, 13.—

Transf.

To repress, hide, conceal (mostly poet.):

dum nocte premuntur,

Verg. A. 6, 827:

curam sub corde,

id. ib. 4, 332:

odium,

Plin. Pan. 62:

iram,

Tac. A. 6, 50:

pavorem et consternationem mentis vultu,

id. ib. 13, 16:

interius omne secretum,

Sen. Ep. 3, 4:

dolorem silentio,

Val. Max. 3, 3, 1 ext.; cf. silentia, Sil. 12, 646:

aliquid ore,

Verg. A. 7, 103:

jam te premet nox,

Hor. C. 1, 4, 16.—

To lower, diminish, undervalue, disparage, depreciate:

premendorum superiorum arte sese extollebat,

Liv. 22, 12:

arma Latini,

Verg. A. 11, 402:

opuscula ( = deprimere atque elevare),

Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 36:

famam alicujus,

Tac. A. 15, 49:

premere ac despicere,

Quint. 11, 1, 16:

premere tumentia, humilia extollere,

id. ib. 10, 4, 1.—

To surpass, exceed:

facta premant annos,

Ov. M. 7, 449:

ne prisca vetustas Laude pudicitiae saecula nostra premat,

id. P. 3, 1, 116:

quantum Latonia Nymphas Virgo premit,

Stat. S. 1, 2, 115.—

To rule ( poet.):

dicione premere populos,

Verg. A. 7, 737:

imperio,

id. ib. 1, 54:

Mycenas Servitio premet,

id. ib. 1, 285.—

To suppress, pull down, humble, degrade:

quae (vocabula) nunc situs premit,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 118:

nec premendo alium me extulisse velim,

Liv. 22, 59, 10; cf. id. 39, 41, 1:

premebat reum crimen,

id. 3, 13, 1.—

To compress, abridge, condense:

haec enim, quae dilatantur a nobis, Zeno sic premebat,

Cic. N. D. 2, 7, 20.—

To check, arrest, repress, restrain:

cursum ingenii tui, Brute, premit haec importuna clades civitatis,

Cic. Brut. 97, 332:

sub imo Corde gemitum,

Verg. A. 10, 464:

vocem,

to be silent, id. ib. 9, 324:

sermones vulgi,

to restrain, Tac. A. 3, 6.—

To store up, lay up in the mind, muse upon:

(vocem) ab ore Eripuit pater ac stupefactus numine pressit,

Verg. A. 7, 119.—Hence, pressus, a, um, P. a.

Moderate, slow, suppressed, kept down.

Lit.:

presso pede eos retro cedentes principes recipiebant,

Liv. 8, 8, 9:

presso gradu,

id. 28, 14, 14; cf.:

pressoque legit vestigia gressu,

Ov. M. 3, 17.—

Trop.

Of the voice or manner, subdued:

haec cum pressis et flebilibus modis, qui totis theatris maestitiam inferant,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 106.—

Of color, lowered, depressed; hence, dark, gloomy:

color pressus,

Pall. 4, 13, 4:

color viridi pressior,

Plin. 35, 6, 13, § 32:

spadices pressi,

Serv. Verg. G. 3, 82.—

Esp., of an orator or of speech.

Compressed, concise, plain, without ornament (class.):

fiunt pro grandibus tumidi, pressis exiles, fortibus temerarii, etc.,

Quint. 10, 2, 16:

cum Attici pressi et integri, contra Asiani inflati et inanes haberentur,

id. 12, 10, 18.—Of style:

pressa et tenuia, et quae minimum ab usu cotidiano recedant,

Quint. 10, 1, 102:

pressus et demissus stilus,

Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 5; Quint. 4, 2, 117.— Comp.: in concionibus pressior, et circumscriptior, et adductior, more moderate, keeping more within bounds, Plin. Ep. 1, 16, 4.—

Close, exact, accurate:

Thucydides ita verbis aptus et pressus, ut,

Cic. de Or. 2, 13, 56: quis te fuit umquam in partiundis rebus pressior? more exact, more accurate, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 364, 24:

sicuti taxare pressius crebriusque est, quam tangere,

Gell. 2, 6, 5:

quod (periculum) observandum pressiore cautelā censeo,

stricter, greater, App. M. 5, p. 160, 36:

cogitationes pressiores,

id. ib. 5, p. 163, 32.—So of sounds, precise, intelligible:

(lingua) vocem profusam fingit atque sonos vocis distinctos et pressos facit,

Cic. N. D. 2, 59, 149.—Hence, adv.: pressē, with pressure, violently (class.): artius pressiusque conflictata, Atei. Capito ap. Gell. 10, 6, 2.—

Closely, tightly.

Lit.:

vites pressius putare,

Pall. 12, 9:

pressius colla radere,

Veg. Vet. 1, 56.—

Trop.

Of pronunciation, shortly, neatly, trimly:

loqui non aspere, non vaste, non rustice, sed presse, et aequabiliter, et leniter,

Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; id. Off. 1, 37, 133.—

Of the mode of expression, etc., concisely, not diffusely:

definire presse et anguste,

Cic. Or. 33, 117:

abundanter dicere, an presse,

Quint. 8, 3, 40:

pressius et astrictius scripsi,

Plin. Ep. 3, 18, 10.—

Without ornament, simply:

unum (genus oratorum) attenuate presseque, alterum sublate ampleque dicentium,

Cic. Brut. 55, 202:

aliquid describere modo pressius, modo elatius,

Plin. Ep. 4, 14, 3.—

Closely, exactly, correctly, accurately:

mihi placet agi subtilius, et pressius,

Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 24:

definiunt pressius,

id. Tusc. 4, 7, 14:

anquisitius, et exactius pressiusque disserere,

Gell. 1, 3, 21.

antĕ-cello, ĕre ( perf. and sup. not used), v. n. [-cello]; lit., to project; hence, trop., to be prominent, to distinguish one's self; and with dat. or acc., to distinguish one's self above any one, to surpass, excel, be superior to; and with abl. of respect (a favorite word with Cic.;

elsewhere rare): qui, quā re homines bestiis praestent, eā in re hominibus ipsis antecellat,

Cic. Inv. 1, 4; so id. N. D. 2, 58, 145:

facile omnibus terris,

id. Imp. Pomp. 6; so id. Verr. 2, 3, 5; 2, 4, 53; id. Mur. 13; id. Arch. 3; Corn. Fragm. ap. Prisc. p. 897 P.; Cic. Verr. 3, 5, 10 al.:

omnes,

Plin. 8, 44, 69, § 174:

peregrinam stirpem,

Tac. H. 2, 3; so id. A. 14, 55; Val. Max. 3, 8, n. 1.—Without the oblique case of the person:

humanitate antecellens,

Cic. Mur. 17:

cognitione astrorum sollertiāque ingeniorum,

id. Div. 1, 41. —

* Pass.: qui omnibus his rebus antecelluntur, Auct. ad Her. 2, 30, 48.

prae-verto or - vorto, ti, 3, v. a., and (only in present tense) praevertor or - vortor ( inf. pass. paragog. praevortier, Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 39), 3, v. dep.

To prefer:

ne me uxorem praevertisse dicant prae republicā,

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 29:

si vacas animo, neque habes aliquid, quod huic sermoni praevertendum putes,

Cic. Div. 1, 6, 10; Gell. 4, 3, 2.—

To go before, precede, outstrip, outrun.

Lit. ( poet.):

cursu pedum ventos,

Verg. A. 7, 807:

equo ventos,

id. ib. 12, 345:

volucremque fugā praevertitur Eurum,

id. ib. 1, 317:

vestigia cervae,

Cat. 64, 341; Stat. Th. 5, 691.—

Trop.

To be beforehand with, to anticipate; with acc., to prevent, make useless: nostra omnis lis est: pulcre praevortar viros, will anticipate, be beforehand with them (cf. praevenio), Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 75:

aggerem et vineas egit, turresque admovit: quorum usum forte oblata opportunitas praevertit,

has rendered useless, Liv. 8, 16:

praevertunt, inquit, me fata,

prevent me, Ov. M. 2, 657:

celeri praevertit tristia leto,

Luc. 8, 29:

quae absolvi, quoniam mors praeverterat, nequiverunt,

Gell. 17, 10, 6.—

To take possession of beforehand, to preoccupy, prepossess:

vivo tentat praevertere amore Jampridem resides animos,

to prepossess, Verg. A. 1, 722; cf.:

neque praevorto poculum,

take before my turn, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 59.—

To surpass in worth, outweigh, exceed, to be preferable, of more importance:

erilis praevertit metus,

Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 16: quoniam pietatem amori tuo video praevortere, outweigh, [p. 1438] exceed, id. Ps. 1, 3, 59:

nec posse, cum hostes prope ad portas essent, bello praevertisse quicquam,

Liv. 2, 24.—

To turn one's attention first or principally to, to do first or in preference to any thing else, to despatch first; used esp. in the dep.

With dat.:

rei mandatae omnes sapientes primum praevorti decet,

to apply themselves principally to it, to despatch it first, Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 40:

ei rei primum praevorti volo,

id. Capt. 2, 3, 100:

stultitia est, cui bene esse licet, cum praevorti litibus,

to occupy one's self with contentions, id. Pers. 5, 2, 20:

cave, pigritiae praevorteris,

do not give yourself up to indolence, id. Merc. 1, 2, 3:

etsi ab hoste discedere detrimentosum esse existimabat, tamen huic rei praevertendum existimavit,

Caes. B. G. 7, 33.—

With acc., to do or attend to in preference:

hoc praevortar principio,

Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 8:

si quid dictum est per jocum, non aequom est, id te serio praevortier,

to take it in earnest, id. Am. 3, 2, 39; Liv. 8, 13:

aliud in praesentia praevertendum sibi esse dixit,

that must be attended to first, id. 35, 33.— Pass.:

praevorti hoc certum est rebus aliis omnibus,

Plaut. Cist. 5, 1, 8. —

With ad, to apply one's self particularly to any thing:

si quando ad interna praeverterent,

Tac. A. 4, 32; so, praevertor, dep.:

nunc praevertemur ad nostrum orbem,

Plin. 28, 9, 33, § 123:

nunc praevertemur ad differentias aeris,

id. 34, 8, 20, § 94:

ad ea praeverti,

Col. 3, 7:

hostes ad occursandum pugnandumque in eos praevertentur,

Gell. 3, 7, 6.—

With an adverb of place:

illuc praevertamur,

let us first of all look at this, Hor. S. 1, 3, 38.—

With a rel.-clause; proximum erat narrare glandiferas quoque, ni praeverti cogeret admiratio, quaenam esset vita sine arbore ullā, Plin. H. N. 16, praef. § 1.—

Absol.:

in rem quod sit, praevortaris, potius quam, etc.,

do, perform, attend to, Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 8.

prae-verto or - vorto, ti, 3, v. a., and (only in present tense) praevertor or - vortor ( inf. pass. paragog. praevortier, Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 39), 3, v. dep.

To prefer:

ne me uxorem praevertisse dicant prae republicā,

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 29:

si vacas animo, neque habes aliquid, quod huic sermoni praevertendum putes,

Cic. Div. 1, 6, 10; Gell. 4, 3, 2.—

To go before, precede, outstrip, outrun.

Lit. ( poet.):

cursu pedum ventos,

Verg. A. 7, 807:

equo ventos,

id. ib. 12, 345:

volucremque fugā praevertitur Eurum,

id. ib. 1, 317:

vestigia cervae,

Cat. 64, 341; Stat. Th. 5, 691.—

Trop.

To be beforehand with, to anticipate; with acc., to prevent, make useless: nostra omnis lis est: pulcre praevortar viros, will anticipate, be beforehand with them (cf. praevenio), Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 75:

aggerem et vineas egit, turresque admovit: quorum usum forte oblata opportunitas praevertit,

has rendered useless, Liv. 8, 16:

praevertunt, inquit, me fata,

prevent me, Ov. M. 2, 657:

celeri praevertit tristia leto,

Luc. 8, 29:

quae absolvi, quoniam mors praeverterat, nequiverunt,

Gell. 17, 10, 6.—

To take possession of beforehand, to preoccupy, prepossess:

vivo tentat praevertere amore Jampridem resides animos,

to prepossess, Verg. A. 1, 722; cf.:

neque praevorto poculum,

take before my turn, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 59.—

To surpass in worth, outweigh, exceed, to be preferable, of more importance:

erilis praevertit metus,

Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 16: quoniam pietatem amori tuo video praevortere, outweigh, [p. 1438] exceed, id. Ps. 1, 3, 59:

nec posse, cum hostes prope ad portas essent, bello praevertisse quicquam,

Liv. 2, 24.—

To turn one's attention first or principally to, to do first or in preference to any thing else, to despatch first; used esp. in the dep.

With dat.:

rei mandatae omnes sapientes primum praevorti decet,

to apply themselves principally to it, to despatch it first, Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 40:

ei rei primum praevorti volo,

id. Capt. 2, 3, 100:

stultitia est, cui bene esse licet, cum praevorti litibus,

to occupy one's self with contentions, id. Pers. 5, 2, 20:

cave, pigritiae praevorteris,

do not give yourself up to indolence, id. Merc. 1, 2, 3:

etsi ab hoste discedere detrimentosum esse existimabat, tamen huic rei praevertendum existimavit,

Caes. B. G. 7, 33.—

With acc., to do or attend to in preference:

hoc praevortar principio,

Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 8:

si quid dictum est per jocum, non aequom est, id te serio praevortier,

to take it in earnest, id. Am. 3, 2, 39; Liv. 8, 13:

aliud in praesentia praevertendum sibi esse dixit,

that must be attended to first, id. 35, 33.— Pass.:

praevorti hoc certum est rebus aliis omnibus,

Plaut. Cist. 5, 1, 8. —

With ad, to apply one's self particularly to any thing:

si quando ad interna praeverterent,

Tac. A. 4, 32; so, praevertor, dep.:

nunc praevertemur ad nostrum orbem,

Plin. 28, 9, 33, § 123:

nunc praevertemur ad differentias aeris,

id. 34, 8, 20, § 94:

ad ea praeverti,

Col. 3, 7:

hostes ad occursandum pugnandumque in eos praevertentur,

Gell. 3, 7, 6.—

With an adverb of place:

illuc praevertamur,

let us first of all look at this, Hor. S. 1, 3, 38.—

With a rel.-clause; proximum erat narrare glandiferas quoque, ni praeverti cogeret admiratio, quaenam esset vita sine arbore ullā, Plin. H. N. 16, praef. § 1.—

Absol.:

in rem quod sit, praevortaris, potius quam, etc.,

do, perform, attend to, Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 8.

prae-verto or - vorto, ti, 3, v. a., and (only in present tense) praevertor or - vortor ( inf. pass. paragog. praevortier, Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 39), 3, v. dep.

To prefer:

ne me uxorem praevertisse dicant prae republicā,

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 29:

si vacas animo, neque habes aliquid, quod huic sermoni praevertendum putes,

Cic. Div. 1, 6, 10; Gell. 4, 3, 2.—

To go before, precede, outstrip, outrun.

Lit. ( poet.):

cursu pedum ventos,

Verg. A. 7, 807:

equo ventos,

id. ib. 12, 345:

volucremque fugā praevertitur Eurum,

id. ib. 1, 317:

vestigia cervae,

Cat. 64, 341; Stat. Th. 5, 691.—

Trop.

To be beforehand with, to anticipate; with acc., to prevent, make useless: nostra omnis lis est: pulcre praevortar viros, will anticipate, be beforehand with them (cf. praevenio), Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 75:

aggerem et vineas egit, turresque admovit: quorum usum forte oblata opportunitas praevertit,

has rendered useless, Liv. 8, 16:

praevertunt, inquit, me fata,

prevent me, Ov. M. 2, 657:

celeri praevertit tristia leto,

Luc. 8, 29:

quae absolvi, quoniam mors praeverterat, nequiverunt,

Gell. 17, 10, 6.—

To take possession of beforehand, to preoccupy, prepossess:

vivo tentat praevertere amore Jampridem resides animos,

to prepossess, Verg. A. 1, 722; cf.:

neque praevorto poculum,

take before my turn, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 59.—

To surpass in worth, outweigh, exceed, to be preferable, of more importance:

erilis praevertit metus,

Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 16: quoniam pietatem amori tuo video praevortere, outweigh, [p. 1438] exceed, id. Ps. 1, 3, 59:

nec posse, cum hostes prope ad portas essent, bello praevertisse quicquam,

Liv. 2, 24.—

To turn one's attention first or principally to, to do first or in preference to any thing else, to despatch first; used esp. in the dep.

With dat.:

rei mandatae omnes sapientes primum praevorti decet,

to apply themselves principally to it, to despatch it first, Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 40:

ei rei primum praevorti volo,

id. Capt. 2, 3, 100:

stultitia est, cui bene esse licet, cum praevorti litibus,

to occupy one's self with contentions, id. Pers. 5, 2, 20:

cave, pigritiae praevorteris,

do not give yourself up to indolence, id. Merc. 1, 2, 3:

etsi ab hoste discedere detrimentosum esse existimabat, tamen huic rei praevertendum existimavit,

Caes. B. G. 7, 33.—

With acc., to do or attend to in preference:

hoc praevortar principio,

Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 8:

si quid dictum est per jocum, non aequom est, id te serio praevortier,

to take it in earnest, id. Am. 3, 2, 39; Liv. 8, 13:

aliud in praesentia praevertendum sibi esse dixit,

that must be attended to first, id. 35, 33.— Pass.:

praevorti hoc certum est rebus aliis omnibus,

Plaut. Cist. 5, 1, 8. —

With ad, to apply one's self particularly to any thing:

si quando ad interna praeverterent,

Tac. A. 4, 32; so, praevertor, dep.:

nunc praevertemur ad nostrum orbem,

Plin. 28, 9, 33, § 123:

nunc praevertemur ad differentias aeris,

id. 34, 8, 20, § 94:

ad ea praeverti,

Col. 3, 7:

hostes ad occursandum pugnandumque in eos praevertentur,

Gell. 3, 7, 6.—

With an adverb of place:

illuc praevertamur,

let us first of all look at this, Hor. S. 1, 3, 38.—

With a rel.-clause; proximum erat narrare glandiferas quoque, ni praeverti cogeret admiratio, quaenam esset vita sine arbore ullā, Plin. H. N. 16, praef. § 1.—

Absol.:

in rem quod sit, praevortaris, potius quam, etc.,

do, perform, attend to, Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 8.

antĕ-cēdo, cessi, cessum, 3, v. n., to go before, precede (in space), to take the lead, get the start; with dat., acc., or absol.

Lit.

With dat.: ubi ambitionem virtuti videas antecedere, Titin. ap. Non. 499, 8:

si huic rei illa antecedit, huic non antecedit,

Cic. Top. 23.—

With acc.:

Pompeius expeditus antecesserat legiones,

Cic. Att. 8, 9: biduo me Antonius antecessit, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 13; Curt. 4, 7, 15:

antecedite me,

Vulg. Gen. 32, 16; ib. 1 Reg. 9, 27; ib. Matt. 2, 9, and so Vulg. always.—

Absol.:

magnis itineribus antecessit,

Caes. B. G. 7, 35; Liv. 2, 6; Vell. 1, 4, 1:

antecedente famā,

Liv. 5, 37, 6: antecedens scelestus, * Hor. C. 3, 2, 31.—

Fig.

To precede, in time: haec (dies) ei antecessit, * Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 40:

exercitatio semper antecedere cibum debet,

Cels. 1, 2.—

To have the precedence of any one, to excel, surpass; with dat. and acc. (cf. Rudd. II. p. 136).

With dat.:

virtute regi antecesseris,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 118:

quantum natura hominis pecudibus antecedit,

Cic. Off. 1, 30, 105; so id. Brut. 21, 82.—

With acc. of person or thing and abl. or abl. with in:

scientiā atque usu nauticarum rerum ceteros antecedunt,

Caes. B. G. 3, 8:

nemo eum in amicitiā antecessit,

Nep. Alcib. 9, 3:

maltha duritiam lapidis antecedens,

Plin. 36, 24, 58, § 18.—

Absol., to distinguish one's self, to become eminent:

ut quisque honore et aetate antecedebat,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 64; so id. Inv. 2, 22.—Hence,

antĕcēdens, entis, P. a.

In gen.:

hora,

Cic. ad Octav. 3:

annus,

Plin. 13, 8, 16, § 59; so Suet. Tib. 5.—

T. t. of philosophy, the antecedent (opp. consequens):

causa,

Cic. Fat. 11, 33; 15, 34.—In plur. as subst.: an-tĕcēdentĭa, ōrum, n.:

locus ex antecedentibus,

Cic. Top. 12; so id. Part. Or. 2; Quint. 5, 10, 45; 6, 3, 66.—

antĕces-sus, a, um, P. a., that goes before; only in the connection, in antecessum dare, solvere, accipere, etc.; t. t., to give, pay, receive, etc., beforehand, in advance (postAug.):

in antecessum dabo,

Sen. Ep. 118:

accipere,

id. ib. 7:

reponere,

id. Ben. 4, 32:

praedam dividere,

Flor. 4, 12, 24 al.

antĕ-cēdo, cessi, cessum, 3, v. n., to go before, precede (in space), to take the lead, get the start; with dat., acc., or absol.